Advances in electrothermal anti-icing and de-icing techniques for aircraft

Aircraft icing poses a significant threat to flight performance and safety. The widespread use of composite materials in next-generation aircraft presents new challenges for ice protection systems. Electrothermal anti-/de-icing system has drawn much attention owing to its stable operation, ease of control, rapid response and design flexibility, etc. However, it still faces challenges such as high energy consumption and long-term service stability. It is a multidisciplinary issue involving aerospace, materials science, mechanics, control systems, etc. This paper reviews the key technologies and research progress in this field, with a focus on three main aspects. First, the development of key components, i.e., electric heating elements. Second, strategies to reduce the energy consumption through combination with other anti-/de-icing technologies. Third, optimization of heating strategies and control law design. Finally, future research directions and development trends in electrothermal anti-/de-icing technology were discussed.