Citation: | WU Hao, WANG Hongjie, WANG He, et al. Advances in carbon fiber-based solar powered interfacial water evaporation devices[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2025, 42(2): 688-699. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20240628.001 |
Carbon fiber is a high-performance material known for its strong photothermal and electrothermal conversion properties, enabling efficient conversion of sunlight and electrical energy into thermal energy. Despite its current utilization primarily based on its low density, high strength, and modulus, this paper reviews the ongoing research on enhancing the application of carbon fiber in interfacial water evaporation. The review focuses on two key aspects: Carbon fiber's photothermal properties and optoelectronic coupling. It addresses the challenges posed by carbon fiber's smooth, dense surface and low surface energy, proposing various solutions. Furthermore, it explores advancements in developing carbon fiber interfacial evaporators through strategies such as bionic structures, multi-stage designs, incorporation of other photothermal materials, and carbon fiber recycling. Finally, the paper outlines future prospects for leveraging carbon fibers in interfacial evaporation applications.
Carbon fiber is a high-performance material known for its strong photothermal and electrothermal conversion properties, enabling efficient conversion of sunlight and electrical energy into thermal energy. Despite its current utilization primarily based on its low density, high strength, and modulus, this paper reviews the ongoing research on enhancing the application of carbon fiber in interfacial water evaporation. The review focuses on two key aspects: carbon fiber's photothermal properties and optoelectronic coupling.
The main heat loss of solar interface evaporators is the heat loss caused by the heat conduction between the photothermal layer and the water body. The design of water channels and the use of insulation layers can reduce the loss of heat conduction and improve the evaporation rate. However, most reported evaporators can only work effectively on sunny days, and improving the evaporation efficiency of evaporators is extremely challenging. Traditional evaporators have a significant decrease in efficiency on rainy, cloudy, foggy, and nighttime days, which seriously restricts the application of solar evaporators. Therefore, designing an evaporator that can continuously evaporate under various conditions or improving efficiency through additional power supply is of great significance. In the study of carbon fiber interface evaporation, the development of carbon fiber interface evaporators is explored from two aspects: carbon fiber photothermal and optoelectronic coupling. Solutions are summarized for the smooth and dense surface structure and low surface energy of carbon fibers, as well as applications in water channels, biomimetic structures, multi-level structures, doping with other photothermal materials, and recycling of carbon fibers. Prospects for the future application of carbon fibers in interface evaporation are proposed.
In the study of carbon fiber photothermal interface evaporation:ϕ In response to the surface results and low surface energy of carbon fibers, Li et al. used surface modification methods to prepare a multi-scale hydrothermal carbon layer on the CF surface using hydrothermal carbonization in glucose solution. This not only improved the evaporation performance but also significantly improved the mechanical properties of the evaporation device.κ For biomimetic structures, Bu et al. used biomimetic structures inspired by lotus leaves to control the water transfer channel, and reasonably designed a three-dimensional conical evaporator. By cleverly changing the number of branches (cotton swabs), the water supply and evaporation rate were adjusted; Zhao et al. also used a simple biomimetic structure, utilizing a plant inspired device composed of several carbon fiber bundles (CFBs) and perforated wood, to effectively supply water through capillary forces in microchannels between carbon fibers.λ For doping other photothermal materials, Ji et al. designed a simple method for growing metal nanoparticles (NPs) on the surface of CF, using a combination of metal (NP) and CF to enhance photothermal conversion and its application in precipitation water. Liu et al. grew carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on CF using in-situ growth methods, and the resulting carbon nanotubes/nanotubes exhibited excellent photothermal conversion application capabilities. And it has the potential to adsorb dyes or cationic solutions.μ For multi-level structures, Tong et al. developed an interface water evaporation device based on modified CF fabric multi-layer solar energy drive. The layered honeycomb structure also ensures sufficient water supply and excellent thermal management.ν For carbon fiber thin films, Wu et al. designed a unique three-dimensional self floating gradient composite film, which not only has an insulated waterway but also can provide continuous water supply, which will limit the contact between the photothermal layer and a large amount of water, reducing heat loss; Chong et al. used hydrophobic industrial grade carbon fiber membrane (CFM) and polydopamine (PDA) to modify the surface of CFM, and prepared an effective suspended salt free evaporator, promoting further practical application of suspended evaporators in continuous evaporation for salt free desalination.ο Regarding waste carbon fibers, Wu et al. prepared Janus membranes using short fiber carbon fabrics, which exhibited excellent cycling stability and better water evaporation performance; Wan et al. prepared paper-based superhydrophobic materials using carbon fiber powder and polydimethylsiloxane as raw materials, exhibiting excellent photothermal conversion properties. In the study of carbon fiber optoelectronic coupling interface evaporation:ϕ Huang et al. proposed a coupled tunable photothermal and Joule heating process using carbon fiber (CF) materials for interface evaporation, which can adjust the input power of electrical energy to match the loss of solar energy.κ Regarding water channels, Xu et al. utilized carbon fiber/Tencel composite woven fabric for stable and continuous all day desalination technology, which has excellent photothermal and electric thermal conversion capabilities. Under continuous operation all day long, most organic matter, metal ions, and pollutants in water are effectively removed.λ Regarding the three-dimensional structure of evaporation devices, Zhao et al. designed and constructed a three-dimensional all-weather solar evaporator, which utilizes carbon fiber heating wires for long-term operation to fully utilize the energy collected by solar energy during the day, thereby improving the efficiency of solar energy utilization and water purification. Wang et al. used hydrophobic carbon fiber cloth (CC) coated with metal organic framework (MOF) derived superhydrophilic carbon film, which was bent into an arched structure to prevent the evaporation layer from contacting the water surface and reduce heat loss.Conclusions:(1) The smooth and dense surface structure and low surface energy of carbon fiber itself can inhibit water transport and light absorption. These problems can be solved by blending with other hydrophilic fibers or activating the surface of carbon fibers. (2) The supply-demand balance of water in solar evaporators is an important factor affecting the evaporation rate. To address the supply-demand balance of water on the surface of photothermal materials, a biomimetic structure is used to control the water supply and evaporation efficiency by changing the number of water supply channels without using external devices, drawing inspiration from nature. For single-layer fabrics used as solar evaporation devices, the multi-level structure can provide sufficient water supply and excellent thermal management effects. (3) In addition, complex weather changes and prolonged dark night conditions also have a significant impact on the interface photothermal conversion. Carbon fiber also has good electrical and thermal properties, which can achieve continuous water evaporation by heating through electricity in the absence of sunlight. Therefore, carbon fiber can combine the effects of photothermal and electric heating to achieve the synergistic effect of photothermal interface evaporation, which is expected to promote the development of interface water evaporation. (4) At present, solar interface evaporators have been applied in many aspects, but the practical application of carbon fiber based interface evaporators is still limited. Therefore, carbon fiber interface evaporators can be combined with other evaporators to further improve their usability.
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