| Citation: |
FANG Yuan, WANG Huaqiao, YANG Xin, et al. Research progress of carbon fiber-based composite microwave absorbing materials[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica.
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With the rapid development of advanced technologies, electromagnetic waves are increasingly applied in both civilian and military fields, giving rise to urgent problems with interference and leakage of electromagnetic waves. As a key solution, electromagnetic wave absorbing materials have received widespread attention. Carbon fibres (CFs) are favored due to their lightness, low cost, excellent electrical properties, and chemical stability. However, a single CF cannot meet comprehensive absorption requirements, necessitating the introduction of various loss mechanisms and reasonable microstructure designs to adjust electromagnetic parameters, optimize impedance matching, and enhance the attenuation capabilities of electromagnetic waves. This paper focuses on reviewing research progress in modifying CFs with metals, metal compounds, carbon materials, conductive polymers, and other multi-component hybrid materials at home and abroad, analyzing the influence of structural and compositional changes on absorption performance. Additionally, it summarizes the major challenges faced by current lightweight carbon fiber-based composite absorbing materials and outlooks their development prospects.
With the advancement of modern technology and the widespread use of electromagnetic waves, there has been an increasing demand for electromagnetic radiation protection and stealth technologies, particularly in military, aerospace, and communications fields. Traditional absorbing materials face challenges such as high density, unstable absorption performance, and poor environmental adaptability. Carbon fiber-based composite absorbing materials, known for their high strength, low density, good electrical conductivity, and excellent mechanical properties, have gained significant attention. This paper aims to summarize recent advancements in carbon fiber-based composite absorbing materials, analyze the latest achievements in component optimization, structural design, and absorption performance, and discuss future development directions for these materials.
The research on carbon fiber-based composite materials involves using carbon fibers or uniquely structured one-dimensional biomass materials as matrices, and incorporating various types of absorbing fillers (such as metals, metal compounds, carbon materials, conductive polymers, etc.) into the carbon fiber matrix. By designing the type, content, and distribution of the fillers, the electromagnetic properties of the composites are adjusted. At the same time, microstructural design strategies (such as core-shell, hollow, porous, and other irregular morphologies) are employed to further enhance the wave-absorbing performance of the composites.
According to the latest research on carbon fiber-based wave-absorbing composites, their excellent absorption performance is mainly attributed to the following mechanisms: (1) Joule heating induced by the electrical conductivity of the carbon fiber matrix; (2) Magnetic loss introduced by eddy current loss, natural resonance, and exchange resonance of magnetic components; (3) The presence of defects (e.g., vacancies, dislocations, grain boundaries) alters charge density distribution, enhancing conductivity and dipole polarization; (4) Heterogeneous interfaces formed by multi-component doping facilitate interfacial polarization; (5) A three-dimensional conductive network improves conductive loss; (6) Pore structures (e.g., hollow, porous) induce interfacial polarization through surface charge accumulation and rearrangement; (7) Additionally, specialized microstructures provide more reflection sites for electromagnetic waves, optimizing propagation paths.This article classifies carbon fiber-based composite microwave absorbing materials into five categories based on the type of modified material; (1) Metal materials and CF composites: Metal powders and alloys, through eddy current loss and resonance, provide high magnetic permeability and loss, improving impedance matching and diversifying the loss mechanisms. However, metal materials lack stability, so stable materials (e.g., ceramics) need to be introduced to ensure long-lasting absorption performance. (2) Metal compounds and CF composites: Most metal carbides and sulfides possess excellent corrosion resistance, oxidation resistance, and dielectric properties. When combined with CF, they enhance dielectric loss and environmental adaptability. Some compounds (e.g., ferrites) offer both magnetic and dielectric losses, significantly enhancing the composite’s microwave absorption. (3) Carbon materials and CF composites: Carbon materials like carbon nanotubes and graphene, known for lightness, conductivity, and stability, can enhance electromagnetic wave absorption when combined with CF. However, a special structural design is needed to improve impedance mismatch. The loss mechanism is singular, requiring doping with other magnetic materials.(4) Conductive polymers and CF composites: Like carbon materials, conductive polymers increase conductivity but may lead to electromagnetic wave reflection and impedance mismatch. Component optimization and microstructure design are necessary to address these issues.(5) Composites of materials with different loss mechanisms: These materials, integrating polarization relaxation, conductive loss, and magnetic loss, allow multiple loss mechanisms in the composite, achieving efficient absorption while meeting the lightweight requirement. Based on the five optimization approaches for the components mentioned above, combined with microstructure design strategies, the goal is to optimize the electromagnetic wave propagation path, further enhance the absorption performance, and broaden the absorption bandwidth. Conclusions: Although the wave-absorbing performance of carbon fiber-based composite materials has significantly improved, challenges remain in practical applications. These challenges mainly include the comprehensive properties of the absorbing materials, such as absorption efficiency, bandwidth, and stability, as well as the cost of large-scale production. Future research should further explore the design of novel composite materials, optimize fabrication processes, enhance material multifunctionality, and achieve higher absorption efficiency. Additionally, employing advanced characterization techniques to gain deeper insights into the electromagnetic wave absorption mechanisms will facilitate the development of next-generation carbon fiber composites.
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