Functionalization Strategies for Porous Hemostatic Materials

Traumatic hemorrhage is the primary life-threatening factor in clinical emergency and battlefield treatment. Traditional hemostatic methods have limited efficacy on deep wounds and lack anti-infection and wound repair functions. Porous materials, with their high specific surface area and controllable pore size, have become a research hotspot. However, a single structure is difficult to meet the diverse clinical needs. Therefore, this paper, with functionalization as the core, systematically summarizes three strategies: intrinsic functional type, physical loading type, and chemical grafting type. The intrinsic functional type achieves rapid hemostasis through inherent activity and is suitable for non-compressible trauma. The physical loading type expands antibacterial and anti-inflammatory functions by loading active components and is suitable for infected wounds. The chemical grafting type realizes long-term stable functions through covalent anchoring and is suitable for complex wound repair. The rational selection and synergistic application of these three strategies are the key to precisely matching the material properties with clinical needs. This paper aims to provide theoretical support for the functional design and clinical transformation of porous hemostatic materials.