| Citation: |
ZHAO Yu, HU Haiyang, YAO Tianyun, et al. Theoretical models and meso-scale mechanism of in-layer failure mechanicalbehaviours of 3D printing GFRP[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2024, 41(5): 2713-2731. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230912.001
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The emergence of 3D printing technology provides a new way to continuously promote the application of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) in the field of bridge engineering. However, the research on the mechanical properties of 3D printing FRP is weak, which seriously restricts the application of this technology in bridge structures. In order to realize the accurate analysis of mechanical properties of 3D printing FRP bridge components, the key mechanical properties of 3D printing FRP were explored based on theoretical and experimental methods.
Firstly, the research object was focused on 3D printing glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), and the all-round meso-structures of 3D printing GFRP was obtained by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the spatial geometry characteristics of printing GFRP were obtained, and the hypothesis of printing filament continuity was proposed. Secondly, based on the hypothesis and the in-plane stress rotation axis model, the Young’s modulus analysis and prediction model of 3D printing GFRP under in-layer stress was constructed. At the same time, considering multiple failure modes of the material, a tensile strength prediction model under in-plane stress was established based on Tsai-Wu theory, and four different shear strength calculation modes were considered in this model. Lastly, considering the printing angle, filament width, and layer thickness, systematic testing and analysis of Young’s modulus and tensile strength were designed to verify the accuracy of the above two theoretical models.
Young’s modulus: ①There is an obvious negative correlation between printing angle and Young’s modulus. When the printing angle increases from 0° to 90°, the decrease range of Young’s modulus is 65.48%~79.62%. ②The filament width has obvious influence on Young’s modulus. The Young’s modulus with 0.6mm and 0.8mm filament width are similar to each other, and both are significantly bigger than that with 0.4mm filament width. The variation range of Young’s modulus is 20.18%~49.27%. ③The relative errors of Young's modulus between theoretical results and test data are basically kept within 15%, which indicates that the theoretical model can accurately predict the effect of printing angle on the Young's modulus of 3D printing GFRP. Tensile strength: ①There is an obvious negative correlation between printing angle and tensile strength. When the printing angle increases from 0° to 90°, the decrease range of tensile strength is 50.99%~71.55%. ②The filament width has obvious influence on tensile strength. The tensile strength with 0.6mm and 0.8mm filament width are similar to each other, and both are significantly bigger than that with 0.4mm filament width. The variation range of tensile strength is 27.53%~54.55%. ③Almost all tensile strength test data are included in the tensile strength envelope, which indicates that the theoretical model can accurately predict the tensile strength of 3D printing GRFP. Failure results at macro-scale: ①There are two types of failure modes, namely printing filament fracture and printing filament separation, and the distribution intervals of the two types of failure modes are similar under the same printing filament width. ②The probability of printing filament separation failure mode under 0.4mm filament width is greater, and the probability of printing filament fracture failure mode under the other two types of printing filament width is greater. ③The printing filament separation failure mode occurs when the printing angle is large, and this kind of failure mode will cause the tensile strength to decrease significantly. Failure results at meso-scale: ①The existence of open void and enclosed void leads to stress concentration, and then significantly reduce the mechanical properties of materials, especially various strength properties. ②The direction of short glass fibers is roughly parallel to the direction of printing filament, so it only enhances the 3D printing GFRP in the direction of printing filament, and the fiber bridging effect between the printing filaments is weak. ③A larger printing filament width will significantly reduce the occurrence probability of two types of defects, then higher and more stable mechanical properties can be obtained.Conclusions: ①The printing angle and filament width have obvious effects on the two types of key mechanical properties of 3D printing GFRP, while the effect of printing layer thickness can be ignored. ②The two types of theoretical models established this time can accurately predict the influence of printing parameters on the key mechanical properties of 3D printing GFRP. ③The macro-scale analysis of tensile failure results shows that there are two types of failure modes, namely printing filament fracture and printing filament separation. ④Defects are the key factors that affect the mechanical properties of materials. When the printing filament width is larger, the occurrence probability of defects is lower, then higher and more stable mechanical properties can be obtained.
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