Research progress on thermal conductivity of polyvinylidene fluoride composites
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摘要: 导热复合材料在电子封装、电机材料、电池及换热设备等领域具有广泛的应用价值。聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF) 具有优异的电气性能、良好的机械强度和耐高温性能，是应用于电子电器、航空航天等行业的理想材料之一，但较低的热导率制约其进一步发展，亟待开发PVDF基高导热复合材料。其制备的关键在于如何选择高导热填料、设计导热通路及调控界面热阻。本文在聚合物基导热复合材料的机制、模型、方程及数值模拟等理论知识的基础上，结合PVDF自身晶体结构，介绍目前PVDF基导热复合材料热导率的发展水平，各种填料及制备工艺对其热导率的不同影响程度等内容，从复合策略、网络结构、界面结合等角度综述了高导热PVDF复合材料的最新研究进展。此外，对其未来发展也进行了展望。Abstract: Thermal conductive composites have a wide range of applications in the fields of electronic packaging, motor materials, batteries and heat exchange equipment. Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has excellent electrical properties, good mechanical strength and high temperature resistance. It is one of the ideal materials for applications in electronics, aerospace and other industries. However, the low thermal conductivity restricts its further development. It is urgent to develop PVDF-based high thermal conductivity composites. The key to its preparation is how to select high thermal conductivity fillers, design thermal conduction pathways, and regulate interface thermal resistance. Based on the theoretical knowledge of the mechanism, model, equation and numerical simulation of polymer-based thermal conductive composites, combined with the crystal structure of PVDF, this paper introduces the current development level of thermal conductivity of PVDF-based thermal conductive composites, and the different effects of various fillers and preparation processes on their thermal conductivity. The latest research progress of high thermal conductivity PVDF composites is reviewed from the perspectives of composite strategy, network structure and interface bonding. In addition, its future development is also prospected.
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图 2 (a) 用于钠离子电池的PVDF/聚丙烯腈(PAN)静电纺隔膜[37]；(b) 具有PVDF聚合物堆叠结构的自旋阀装置[38]；(c) 基于PVDF开发药物输送载体的工作流程[39]；(d) 基于PVDF的可穿戴传感器[40]
Figure 2. (a) PVDF/polyacrylonitrile (PAN) electrospun membrane for sodium ion batteries[37]; (b) Spin valve device with PVDF polymer stacking structure[38]; (c) Workflow of developing drug delivery carriers based on PVDF[39]; (d) PVDF-based wearable sensors[40]
HA—Hyaluronic acid; API-IL—Active pharmaceutical ingredient ionic liquids; H—Magnetic field intensity; I—Electric current; V—Voltage
图 4 (a) 纯PVDF和PVDF复合材料的热扩散率和热导率；(b) 纯PVDF与PVDF复合材料关于热导率增强程度的对比；(c) 纯PVDF、PVDF/富勒烯(SF)、PVDF/CNT和PVDF/石墨烯(GS)复合材料在加热时的红外图像；(d) 纯PVDF、PVDF/SF、PVDF/CNT和PVDF/GS复合材料在加热和冷却时表面温度随时间的变化；(e) 含SF、CNT和GS的PVDF复合材料的热流模型[62]
Figure 4. (a) Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of pure PVDF and PVDF composites; (b) Comparison of thermal conductivity enhancement between pure PVDF and PVDF-based composites materials; (c) Infrared images of pure PVDF, PVDF/superfullerene (SF), PVDF/CNT and PVDF/graphene sheets (GS) composites when heated; (d) Surface temperature of pure PVDF, PVDF/SF, PVDF/CNT and PVDF/GS composites changes with time during heating and cooling; (e) Heat flux model of PVDF composites containing SF, CNT and GS[62]
TCE—Thermal conductivity enhancement; dT/dt—Rate of change of temperature with respect to time
图 5 (a) 溶液共混方法制备MXene/PVDF复合材料示意图[82]；(b) 静电纺丝方法制备BN纳米片(BNNS)/PVDF复合薄膜示意图[85]
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of PVDF/MXene composite prepared by solution blending method[82]; (b) Schematic diagram of PVDF/boron nitridenanosheets (BNNS) composite film prepared by electrospinning method[85]
DMF—Dimethylformamide
图 6 (a) PVDF复合材料的初始棒材涂布工艺[99]；(b) L形扭结管中熔融压缩溶液浇注PVDF和石墨烯纳米片薄膜[100]；(c) 磁场定向控制磁性CNT的取向提高其热导率示意图[101]
Figure 6. (a) Initial bar coating process of PVDF composites[99]; (b) PVDF and graphene nanosheet films were cast by melt-compression solution in an L-shaped kink tube[100]; (c) Magnetic field oriented control of the orientation of magnetic CNT (mCNT) to improve its thermal conductivity[101]
GNF—Graphene nanoflake; PSS—Poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate)
图 7 (a) 不同BN纳米片(BNNS)含量的BNNS/PVDF复合材料的热导率；(b) 不同BNNS含量的BNNS@树脂复合材料的热导率；(c) 不同BNNS含量的PVDF/BNNS和BNNS@树脂/PVDF的热导率；(d) 构建导热通道的理论模型；(e) 模拟不同BNNS含量的BNNS/PVDF复合材料的传热过程[111]
Figure 7. (a) Thermal conductivity of PVDF/boron nitride nanosheets (BNNS) composites with different BNNS content; (b) Thermal conductivity of BNNS@resin composites with different BNNS content; (c) Thermal conductivity of PVDF/BNNS and BNNS@resin/PVDF with different BNNS content; (d) Construct the theoretical model of thermal conduction channel; (e) Heat transfer process of PVDF/BNNS composites with different BNNS content was simulated[111]
MS—Melamine-formaldehyde resin sponge
图 8 (a) 单一ZnO填料复合材料的热传导模型；(b) 两种不同尺寸ZnO填料经过杂化而成的复合材料的热传导模型； (c) 3种不同尺寸ZnO填料经过杂化而成的复合材料的热传导模型[113]；(d) 室温下，Al/PVDF复合材料的热导率与Al填料 (微米和纳米尺寸下) 的体积比例的关系[88]
Figure 8. (a) Heat conduction model of composites with single filler; (b) Heat conduction model of composites with hybrid fillers of two different sizes; (c) Heat conduction model of composites with hybrid fillers of three different sizes[113]; (d) At room temperature, the relationship between the thermal conductivity of Al/PVDF composites and the volume ratio of Al fillers (micron size and nano size)[88]
λmax—Maximum value of the thermal conductivity; Y—Volume ratio Vmicro∶Vnano
图 9 ((a)~(g)) AlN晶须与球体混合填料的示意图(体积比分别为1:0、6:1、3:1、1:1、1:3、1:6和0:1)[114]；(h) PVDF复合材料示意图；(i) 25℃下BaTiO3/PVDF、SiC/PVDF和BaTiO3/SiC/PVDF复合材料的热导率[117]
Figure 9. ((a)-(g)) Schematic diagrams of AlN whisker and sphere mixed fillers with volume ratios of 1:0, 6:1, 3:1, 1:1, 1:3, 1:6 and 0:1, respectively[114]; (h) Schematic diagram of PVDF composite; (i) Thermal conductivity of BaTiO3/PVDF, SiC/PVDF and BaTiO3/SiC/PVDF composites at 25℃[117]
图 10 (a) SiC与BN桥接形成的导热路径[130]；(b) 不同填料负载的PVDF复合膜的导热系数[131]；(c) PVDF/CNT和PVDF/CNT/氧化石墨烯(GO)复合材料中填料分散状态[133]
Figure 10. (a) Thermal conduction path formed by the network bridging of SiC nanowires and BN nanosheets[130]; (b) Thermal conductivity of PVDF composite membranes loaded with different fillers[131]; (c) Dispersion of fillers in PVDF/CNT and PVDF/CNT/graphene oxide (GO) composites[133]
f-SiC—Functionalized SiC; hBN—Hexagonal BN; POSS—Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane
表 1 具有不同晶型的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)晶体的性质[36]
Table 1. Properties of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) crystals with different crystal forms[36]
Category α β γ Molecular conformation TGTG' TTT TTGTTG' Melting point Low Medium High Polarity None Strong Intermediate Electronically active None High
piezo-electric,
ferro-electricIntermediate Elasticity — Greatest — Solvent resistance — — Strong Thermal stability — Weak Strong Radiotolerance — — Strong 
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Category Filler Thermal conductivity/
(W·m–1·K–1)Metallic fillers Ni 158.00 Al 204.00 Au 345.00 Ag 450.00 Cu 483.00 Ceramic fillers Al2O3 30.00 SiC 30.00-270.00 AlN 200.00 BN 250.00-300.00 Carbon fillers Graphite 100.00-400.00 Diamond 2000.00 CNT 2000.00-6000.00 Graphene 4800.00-5300.00
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表 3 室温下不同单一填料及成型工艺所制备PVDF复合材料的热导率
Table 3. Thermal conductivity of PVDF composites prepared by different fillers and molding process at room temperature
Filling material type Preparation technology Thermal conductivity/
(W·m–1·K–1)Ag[53] Solution blending 6.50 Zn[54] Solution blending 1.20 Zn@ZnO[87] Solution blending 0.54 Al[88] Melt blending 3.26 Ni[89] Solution blending 1.13 SiC[55] Masterbatch process 1.88 β-SiC[90] Solution blending 1.82 BN[56] Electrostatic spinning 7.29 BNNS[85] Electrostatic spinning 18.33 h-BN[91] Salt template, thermal curing process 1.47 CCB[92] Solution blending 0.44 CNT[93] Melt blending 1.40 Graphene[86] Solvent casting 0.56 GnPs[94] Spray coating, thermal annealing 12.00 MXene[82] Solution blending 0.36 Notes: h-BN—Hexagonal boron nitride; CCB—Conducting carbon black; GnPs—Graphene nanoplatelets.
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