Interface behavior and mechanical properties of double-sided electron beam welded joint of Ti/Al laminate plates
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摘要: 钛/铝层状复合板兼具了钛合金高强耐腐蚀和铝合金轻质、价格低廉的多重优势，在航空航天、汽车制造、水下装备等领域具有广泛的潜在应用前景。为探究Ti/Al层状复合构件的连接行为，采用真空电子束焊(EBW)对Ti/Al层状复合板进行焊接，对焊接接头的微观组织、界面行为及力学性能进行了研究。研究结果表明：相比于单面焊，先Al后Ti双面焊可以有效提高Ti/Al层状复合板焊接接头的力学性能，焊接接头界面处无明显缺陷，在焊接接头Ti/Al界面处存在明显的金属间化合物(IMCs)层，化合物的形成顺序分别为TiAl3、TiAl、TiAl2。其中，TiAl2是TiAl作为中间物经过一系列反应的产物。在保持Al层电子束流为43 mA不变条件下，随着Ti层焊接电子束流的增大，焊接接头的抗拉强度和延伸率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势，抗拉强度和延伸率最高可达304.6 MPa和10.4%，达到了母材强度的57%，焊接接头的断裂机制主要为在IMCs位置产生的脆性断裂。
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关键词:
- Ti/Al层状复合板 /
- 电子束焊接 /
- 焊接接头 /
- 界面行为 /
- 力学性能
Abstract: Ti/Al laminated composite plates have the advantages of high strength and corrosion resistance of titanium alloy, light mass and low price of aluminum alloy, and have a wide range of potential applications in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, underwater equipment and other fields. In order to investigate the connection behavior of Ti/Al laminated composite members, vacuum electron beam welding (EBW) was used to weld Ti/Al laminated composite members, and the microstructure, interface behavior and mechanical properties of the welded joints were studied. The results showed that: Compared with single-side welding, the mechanical properties of welded Ti/Al laminated composite plates can be effectively improved by double-sided Al welding followed by Ti welding. There are no obvious defects at the interface of welded Ti/Al joints, and there are obvious intermetallic compounds (IMCs) layers at the interface of welded Ti/Al joints. The formation sequence of the compounds is TiAl3, TiAl and TiAl2. TiAl2 is the product of a series of reactions in which TiAl is used as an intermediate. Under the condition that the electron beam of Al layer remains unchanged at 43 mA, with the increase of the electron beam of Ti layer, the tensile strength and elongation of the welded joint both increase first and then decrease. The maximum tensile strength and elongation can reach 304.6 MPa and 10.4%, which is 57% of the strength of the base metal. The fracture mechanism of welded joint is mainly brittle fracture at IMCs position. -
图 1 示意图：(a) 热压工艺流程；(b) 电子束焊接(EBW)设备原理；(c) 焊接方式
TC4—Ti6Al4V; LMCs—Laminar composites
Figure 1. Schematic diagram: (a) Hot pressing process flow; (b) Principle of vacuum electron beam welding (EBW) equipment; (c) Welded types
图 2 Type A焊接接头微观形貌: ((a), (c)) 60 mA；((b), (d)) 70 mA
BM—Base metal; HAZ—Heat affected zone; FZ—Fusion zone
Figure 2. Microstructure of Type A welded joint: ((a), (c)) 60 mA; ((b), (d)) 70 mA
图 3 Type B焊接接头微观组织形貌：(a) Ti/Al界面处；(b) Ti层FZ处；(c) Al层FZ处；(d) Al层HAZ和BM处
Figure 3. Microstructure of Type B welded joint: (a) Ti/Al interface; (b) Ti layer FZ; (c) Al layer FZ; (d) Al layer HAZ and BM
图 4 Type C焊接接头成形示意图：((a)~(c)) 70 mA；((d)~(f)) 75 mA；((g)~(i)) 80 mA
IMCS—Intermetallic compounds
Figure 4. Type C welding joint forming diagram: ((a)-(c)) 70 mA; ((d)-(f)) 75 mA; ((g)-(i)) 80 mA
图 5 焊接接头成形示意图：(a) Type A；(b) Type B；(c) Type C
Figure 5. Welding joint forming diagram: (a) Type A; (b) Type B; (c) Type C
图 6 焊接接头熔合区界面处EDS图谱：(a) 界面处SEM图像；(b) 面扫图；(c) Line 1线扫图；(d) Line 2线扫图；(e) 点扫图
Figure 6. EDS spectrum at the interface of fusion zone: (a) SEM image at the interface; (b) Map scanning; (c) Line scanning of Line 1; (d) Line scanning of Line 2; (e) Point scanning
图 8 Type C焊接接头显微硬度：(a) 沿焊缝深度方向；(b) 垂直焊缝方向
Figure 8. Type C microhardness of welded joint: (a) Along the depth of the weld; (b) Vertical weld direction
图 9 Type C焊接接头拉伸性能：(a) 应力-应变曲线；(b) 极限抗拉强度(UTS)、屈服强度(YS)和延伸率(EL)
R—Radius
Figure 9. Type C tensile properties of welded joints: (a) Stress-strain curves; (b) Ultimate tensile strength (UTS), yield strength (YS) and elongation (EL)
图 10 Type C焊接接头断口形貌：(a) 宏观图；(b) 断口EDS图谱；(c) Ti/Al界面处；(d) 图10(c)中(d)处的放大图；(e) 图10(c)EDS面扫图；(f) Ti层；((g), (h)) Al层
Figure 10. Type C fracture profile of welded joint: (a) Macrograph; (b) Fracture EDS; (c) Ti/Al interface; (d) Put a large area of (d) in Fig.10(c); (e) EDS scanning map of Fig.10(c); (f) Ti layer; ((g), (h)) Al layer
表 1 TC4钛合金化学成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of TC4 titanium alloy
wt% Ti Al V Fe O C N H Balance 6.2 4.0 0.25 0.15 0.098 0.01 0.004 
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表 2 6061铝合金化学成分
Table 2. Chemical composition of 6061 aluminum alloy
wt% Al Mg Ti Si Zn Fe Cu Mn Cr Balance 1.05 0.1 0.62 0.18 0.41 0.2 0.12 0.17
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表 3 EBW工艺参数
Table 3. EBW process parameters
Electron
beam
current/mASingle-side welding
(Type A)Double-side welding Type B Type C Ti side 60/70/80 50/60/65 70/75/80 Al side — 40/45 43/45
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