Bionic design of wood cell wall based on 3D printing
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摘要: 木材中起骨架作用的纤维素是以不同螺旋结构的微纤丝形式存在于细胞壁中。本文通过将3D打印技术与仿真模拟相结合，研究木材细胞壁的纤维螺旋增强结构。使用微晶纤维素(MCC)/聚乳酸(PLA)复合材料，在对MCC/PLA复合材料各项性能进行测试的基础上，借助3D打印技术构建木材细胞壁螺旋结构，通过改变纤维取向和纤维孔状结构编程合成结构的力学功能。有限元仿真则用于强调纤维在刚性单元之间的载荷传递机制中的关键作用。结果表明：通过编程纤维的取向和结构可以宏观调控结构的性能，其中纤维的交叉结构作为一种优化设计可以用于提高结构成型制品的力学性能。这些结构可以被组装成更大的系统，用于构建具有优化特定功能的模块化复合材料；在异质结构设计和新型复合材料制造领域中均具有潜在的应用价值。Abstract: Cellulose, which plays the role of skeleton in wood, exists in the cell wall in the form of microfibrils with different helical structures. In this paper, the fiber spiral reinforced structure of wood cell wall was studied by combining 3D printing technology with simulation. Using microcrystalline cellulose (MCC)/polylactic acid (PLA) composites, based on the testing of the properties of MCC/PLA composites, the spiral structure of wood cell wall was constructed with the help of 3D printing technology, and the mechanical function of the structure was programmed by changing the fiber orientation and fiber pore structure. Finite element simulation was used to emphasize the key role of fiber in the load transfer mechanism between rigid elements. The results show that the properties of the structure can be controlled by programming the orientation and structure of the fiber, and the cross structure of the fiber can be used to improve the mechanical properties of the structural molded products as an optimal design. These structures can be assembled into larger systems for building modular composites with optimized specific functions. It has potential application value in the field of hetero structure design and new composite material manufacturing.
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Key words:
- fused deposition molding /
- cellulose /
- bionic design /
- mechanical properties /
- finite element
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图 1 木材细胞壁S2层微纳结构的仿生模型图
Figure 1. Bionic model diagram of micro-nano structure in S2 layer of wood cell wall
图 2 3D打印试件截面图
(a) Upper surface structure diagram of circular 0° structure; (b) Comparison with upper surface structure diagram of structure
Figure 2. Cross section of 3D printed specimen
图 3 压缩后试件图
(a) Circular 45° compression specimen; (b) Circular 45° cross structure compression specimen
Figure 3. Specimen drawing after compression
图 4 纯PLA与MCC/PLA复合材料脆断面的SEM图像
Figure 4. SEM images of brittle sections of pure PLA and MCC/PLA composites
图 5 纯PLA与MCC/PLA复合材料的DSC曲线图
Figure 5. DSC curves of pure PLA and MCC/PLA composites materials
图 7 纯PLA与MCC/PLA复合材料的拉伸强度与拉伸杨氏模量对比
Figure 7. Comparison of Young's modulus and tensile strength of pure PLA and MCC/PLA composites
图 8 MCC/PLA圆形、矩形、多边形结构及基体PLA对照结构的杨氏模量与压缩强度对比
Figure 8. Comparison of Young's modulus and compressive strength of MCC/PLA circular, rectangular, polygonal structure and matrix PLA control structure
图 9 MCC/PLA圆形结构螺旋角度0°~60°的弹性模量与压缩强度对比
Figure 9. Comparison of elastic modulus and compressive strength of MCC/PLA circular structure with spiral angle of 0°-60°
图 10 MCC/PLA圆形0°结构及MCC/PLA圆形交叉结构弹性模量与压缩强度对比
Figure 10. Comparison of elastic modulus and compressive strength of MCC/PLA circular 0° structure and MCC/PLA circular cross structure
图 11 多边形结构有限元分析应力分布云图
S—Von Mises stress
Figure 11. Finite element analysis results of polygonal porous structure
图 12 圆形结构(a)与矩形结构(b)的应力分布云图
Figure 12. Von-Mises of circular structure (a) and rectangular structure (b)
图 13 三种结构的截面形状：(a)多边形；(b)圆形；(c)矩形
Figure 13. Sectional shapes of three structures: (a) Polygonal; (b) Circular; (c) Rectangular
图 14 15°~60°的交叉填充螺旋结构在3000 N集中力下的应力分布云图
Figure 14. Stress distribution cloud diagram of the filled spiral structure with 15°-60° under 3000 N concentrated force
图 15 15°~60°交叉螺旋结构的应变柱状图
Figure 15. Strain histogram of 15°-60° cross helical structure
图 16 15°~60°的螺旋结构在90°扭转角下的应力分布云图
Figure 16. Stress distribution nephogram of the spiral structure with 15°-60° under 90° torsion angle
图 17 15°~60°的螺旋结构在90°扭转角下的扭转角-扭矩图
Figure 17. Torsion angle-torque diagram of 15°-60° helical structure under 90° torsion angle
图 18 圆形15°交叉结构与圆形结构的应力-应变曲线
Figure 18. Stress-strain curves of circular 15° cross structure and circular structure
表 1 复合材料的命名
Table 1. Name of composite materials
Sample MCC/wt% 10%MCC/PLA 10 20%MCC/PLA 20 30%MCC/PLA 30 Notes: MCC—Microcrystalline cellulose; PLA—Polylactic acid. 
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表 2 纯PLA与 MCC/PLA复合材料的DSC曲线特征值
Table 2. DSC curve characteristic values of pure PLA and MCC/PLA
Glass transition temperature/℃ Crystallization temperature/℃ Crystallinity/% Melting temperature/℃ Pure PLA 64.92 115.92 2.26 169.925 10%MCC/PLA 65.91 110.91 2.25 169.917 20%MCC/PLA 64.92 109.92 4.68 169.921 30%MCC/PLA 64.92 109.92 5.37 169.923
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表 3 纯PLA与MCC/PLA复合材料的TG曲线特征值
Table 3. Characteristic values of TG curves of pure PLA and MCC/PLA composites
Inflection point temperature/℃ 210℃ residual/wt% 600℃ residual/wt% Pure PLA 323.91 99.61 1.64 10%MCC/PLA 312.66 99.47 3.01 20%MCC/PLA 319.42 99.28 4.16 30%MCC/PLA 320.11 98.91 5.01
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表 4 材料的有限元参数设定
Table 4. Finite element parameter setting of materials
Modulus of elasticity/GPa Poisson's ratio Yield strength/MPa Filling structure 1.20 0.30 34.70 Matrix structure 0.78 0.35 25.40
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表 5 结构力学性能的有限元分析结果与压缩实验结果
Table 5. Finite element analysis results and stress experimental results of mechanical properties of structures
Stress/MPa Modulus of elasticity/GPa Relative error/% Theoretical value Actual value Theoretical value Actual value Stress Modulus of elasticity Rectangle 46.2 50.9 13.46 11.0 10.17 18.27 Polygon 47.4 51.9 13.23 11.6 9.49 12.32 Circle 0° 49.2 52.8 13.80 12.1 7.32 12.32 Circle 15° 49.6 52.2 13.40 12.7 5.65 5.22 Circle 30° 48.0 51.4 13.24 11.9 7.08 10.12 Circle 45° 47.3 50.9 13.11 10.7 7.61 18.38 Circle 60° 46.5 50.7 12.82 10.5 9.03 18.10
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