Wear resistance of natural rubber-trans-polyisoprene rubber composites under high loads and high speeds
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摘要: 飞机轮胎在高速高载下使用，其胎面橡胶复合材料耐磨性直接影响轮胎使用寿命。利用实验室自研磨耗机模拟了飞机轮胎在实际行驶过程中受到的高速(> 11 Hz)高载荷(> 1.8 MPa)，探究了载荷、转速和炭黑(CB)用量对天然橡胶-反式聚异戊二烯橡胶复合材料(NR-TPI)耐磨性的影响，并结合橡胶磨耗表面形貌和磨屑的形态特征提出了相关影响机制。结果表明，胶料的磨耗随载荷增大而增大，转速对耐磨性的影响小于载荷。当转速从600 r/min增大到800 r/min时，磨耗速率增大，再增大转速，磨耗速率无明显变化。炭黑用量为40或45份的材料磨耗速率接近，但当炭黑用量为50份时，材料的耐磨性显著提升。观察发现磨耗表面出现黏腻的降解层，且磨屑中同时包含微米级的微粒磨屑和大尺寸卷状磨屑，说明高速高载下耐磨性主要取决于表面层降解和降解层被剥离这两个过程的动态循环，前者占主导时主要发生微粒磨耗，后者占主导时起卷磨耗为主要磨耗机制。载荷和转速对耐磨性的影响主要是通过对这两个过程的影响来实现的。Abstract: Aircraft tires are used at high speeds and loads, and the wear resistance of tread rubber composites directly affects the service life of tires. Using a homemade rubber abrasion device to simulate the high speed (> 11 Hz) and high load (> 1.8 MPa) on the tire during the actual driving process, the effects of load, rotation speed and carbon black (CB) loading on the wear resistance of natural rubber-trans-polyisoprene (NR-TPI) composites were investigated, and the related influencing mechanisms were proposed by combining the morphology of rubber surface and the morphological characteristics of wear debris. The results show that the abrasion of rubber increases with the increase of load. The effect of rotation speed on the abrasion rate is less than that of load. When the rotation speed increases from 600 r/min to 800 r/min, the abrasion rate increases. However, the abrasion rate does not change significantly when the rotation speed is further increased. The abrasion rate of samples with 40 or 45 phr CB is similar, but when 50 phr CB is adopted, the wear resistance of sample is significantly improved. Observation on the abraded surface and the wear debris reveals that sticky degradation layers appear on the rubber surface, and micrometer sized fine-grained wear debris and large-sized crimped wear debris are simultaneously included in the wear debris, indicating that the abrasion resistance of NR-TPI composites mainly depends on the dynamic cycle of the two processes, the degradation of surface layer and the peeling of degradation layer. Particle wear mainly occurs when the former is dominant, while roll-up wear becomes the dominant wear mechanism when the latter is dominant. The effects of load and rotation speed on abrasion resistance are essentially achieved by affecting these two processes.
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Key words:
- natural rubber /
- trans-polyisoprene rubber /
- high load /
- high speed /
- wear resistance /
- wear mechanism /
- carbon black loading
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图 3 不同载荷下不同天然橡胶(NR)-反式聚异戊二烯(TPI)复合材料测试轮与磨盘间的压痕
Figure 3. Indentation between test wheel and grinding disk under different loads of different natural rubber (NR)-trans-polyisoprene (TPI) composites
Amount of carbon black used for NP-TPI-1, NP-TPI-2 and NP-TPI-3 is 40, 45 and 50, respectively (Total mass of NR and TPI is 100).
图 4 不同NR-TPI复合材料的接触面积-载荷曲线
Figure 4. Contact area versus load curves of different NR-TPI composites
A1, A2, A3—Contact area of NP-TPI-1, NP-TPI-2, NP-TPI-3; L—Applied load
图 5 不同NR-TPI复合材料的磨耗速率-载荷曲线
Figure 5. Abrasion rate versus load curves of different NR-TPI composites
图 6 NP-TPI-1的未降解层、降解层和磨屑的FTIR图谱
Figure 6. FTIR spectra of the undegraded part, degradation layer and debris of NP-TPI-1 composites
图 7 不同载荷下NR-TPI复合材料的微粒磨屑
Figure 7. Particle debris of NR-TPI composites under different loads
图 8 不同载荷下NR-TPI复合材料的卷状磨屑
Figure 8. Rolled debris of NR-TPI composites under different loads
图 9 不同载荷下NR-TPI复合材料的卷状磨屑在总磨耗量中所占比例
Figure 9. Proportion of rolled debris in total abrasion of NR-TPI composites under different loads
图 10 不同载荷下NR-TPI复合材料的磨耗表面
Figure 10. Abrasive surface of different NR-TPI composites under different loads
Frame area in the figure is the sticky oily wear area
图 11 NR-TPI复合材料的热机械降解和降解层剥离的示意图
Figure 11. Schematic diagram of two processes: Thermomechanical degradation and peeling of degradation layer of different NR-TPI composites
图 12 不同NR-TPI样本的临界应变能
Figure 12. Critical strain energies of different NR-TPI composites
Black new crack surfaces are marked by boxes
图 13 不同磨盘转速下试验轮的接地频率
Figure 13. Ground frequency of test wheel at different abrasive disc speeds
图 14 不同NR-TPI复合材料的磨耗速率-转速曲线
Figure 14. Abrasion rate versus speed curves of different NR-TPI composites
图 16 不同NR-TPI复合材料的储能模量-应变曲线(混炼胶)(a)、储能模量-应变曲线(硫化胶)(b)和损耗因子-应变曲线(硫化胶)(c)
Figure 16. Elastic modulus G’ versus strain curves (compounds) (a), elastic modulus G’ versus strain curves (vulcanizates) (b) and loss factor tanδ versus strain curves (vulcanizates) (c) of different NR-TPI composites
表 1 不同NR-TPI复合材料的力学性能
Table 1. Mechanical properties of different NR-TPI composites
Sample NP-TPI-1 NP-TPI-2 NP-TPI-3 Curing time/(m:s) 20:00 20:00 20:00 Tensile strength/MPa 30.4±0.1 29.0±0.6 28.9±0.4 Tear strength/(kN·m−1) 85.8±5.4 116.9±1.8 116.7±8.8 Shore A hardness 66 69 71 Elongation at break/% 493±10 458±8 428±12 Stress at 100%/MPa 3.2±0.2 3.5±0 4.3±0.2 Stress at 300%/MPa 17.4±0.3 18.6±0 20.9±0.6 
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表 2 600 r/min下不同NR-TPI复合材料的热机械降解与降解层剥离过程相对快慢的条件
Table 2. Conditions for relative speed of two processes: Thermomechanical degradation and peeling of degradation layer of different NR-TPI composites at 600 r/min
Sample Conditions for (a) Degradation ≫ peeling Conditions for (b) Degradation > peeling Conditions for (c) Degradation < peeling NP-TPI-1 Load≤20 kg 20 kg<Load≤25 kg, Load≥35 kg 25 kg<Load<35 kg NP-TPI-2 Load≤20 kg 20 kg<Load≤25 kg, Load≥35 kg 25 kg<Load<35 kg NP-TPI-3 Load≤20 kg 20 kg<Load≤25 kg Load>25 kg Notes: (a), (b), (c) are from the schematic diagram in Fig. 11.
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