Abstract: The efficient separation of oil and water from kitchen waste and industrial wastewater remains challenging. Traditional oil-water separation techniques mainly include gravity settling, centrifugation, adsorption, flotation and electrochemistry, which suffer from low separation efficiency and incomplete separation. How to realize oil-water separation with high efficiency and low cost has become a hot spot of current research. Wood is a sustainable biomaterial and has a multilevel pore structure and abundant hydroxyl functional groups, and its derivatives have super-wetting properties, so it is expected to be a new type of oil-water separation material. By optimizing the internal cell pore size of wood and modifying its superhydrophobic or superhydrophobic surface wettability, the physicochemical filtration and adsorption of wood-based composites on oil-water mixed emulsions can be promoted, and the effective removal of oil from wastewater can be realized. In this paper, the characteristics and hazards of oil-water mixtures and oily wastewater are summarized, and the construction strategies of wood-based porous filtration membranes and adsorbent materials with super-wetting properties (superhydrophobic/underwater superoleophobicity, superhydrophobic/superoleophilic) for the separation of oil-containing wastewater are reviewed systematically, and the progress of the research on wood-based biomass porous materials with super-wetting properties in the field of oil-water separation in recent years is summarized and the problems and potential future research directions of such materials are summarized and outlooked.