Preparation and properties of lignin-based flame retardant-modified polyurethane insulation materials
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摘要: 建筑保温材料的阻燃抑烟性能事关消防安全。本研究基于聚磷酸铵(APP),针对其界面相容性和抑烟性能差的问题,利用碱木素(AL)、双(4-异氰酸酯基苯基)甲烷(MDI),制备了核壳结构的膨胀型阻燃剂APP@AL (APP∶MDI∶AL为9∶2∶1),并应用于硬质聚氨酯(RPU)泡沫保温材料的阻燃处理(添加量25wt%)。通过SEM-EDS、XPS、FT-IR等方法分析APP@AL的结构及组成,采用锥形量热仪(CONE)、热重(TG)等仪器分析了阻燃抑烟性能。结果表明,APP@AL与RPU泡沫基体具有良好的界面相容性。与添加APP的RPU泡沫复合材料相比,APP@AL改性RPU泡沫复合材料的抗压强度显著提高(达31.8%),导热系数降低(7.0%);此外,CONE测试表明,平均放热速率和总放热量分别降低27.2%和24.4%,同时抑烟性能显著增强(总产烟量减少 47.6%,总CO产量降低 57.0%)。TG分析表明,APP@AL阻燃剂的热稳定性明显高于APP,且更有助于构建稳定的残炭层。综上,木质素基膨胀型阻燃剂对RPU泡沫保温材料具备优异的阻燃抑烟作用。Abstract: The fire retardant and smoke suppression performance of thermal insulation materials are crucial factors in ensuring building fire safety. In this study, based on ammonium polyphosphate (APP), a intumescent flame-retardant APP@AL (APP∶MDI∶AL=9∶2∶1) with core-shell structure was prepared by utilizing alkali lignin (AL) and bis(4-isocyanatophenyl) methane (MDI) for its poor interfacial compatibility and smoke suppression performance, and applied to the flame-retardant treatment of rigid polyurethane (RPU) thermal insulation materials (25wt% addition). The structure and composition of APP@AL were analyzed by SEM-EDS, XPS and FT-IR, and the flame retardant and smoke suppression properties were analyzed by CONE and TG instruments. The results show that APP@AL has excellent interfacial compatibility with the RPU matrix. The compressive strength of the APP@AL-modified RPU foam is significantly increased (up to 31.8%) compared with the APP-added RPU foam and the thermal conductivity is reduced (7.0%). CONE test show that mean heat release rate and total heat release were reduced by 27.2 % and 24.4 %, respectively, while smoke suppression was notably enhanced (47.6% reduction in total smoke production and 57.0% reduction in total CO production). TG analysis show that the thermal stability of APP@AL flame retardant is obviously higher than that of APP, and it is more beneficial to build a stable residual char layer. In conclusion, lignin-based intumescent flame retardant has excellent flame retardant and smoke suppression effect on RPU foam insulation materials.
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表 1 APP改性配方
Table 1. formula of APP modification
Formulation APP@AL1 APP@AL2 APP@AL3 APP@AL4 APP / g 45 45 45 45 MDI / g 5 7.5 10 11.25 AL / g 10 7.5 5 3.75 Notes: APP−Ammonium polyphosphate; MDI− 4 4'-Methylenebiphenyl isocyanate; AL−Alkali lignin. 表 2 硬质聚氨酯(RPU)泡沫复合材料配方
Table 2. Preparation formula of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam composites
Formulation Pure RPU 25APP/RPU 25APP@AL1/RPU 25APP@AL2/RPU 25APP@AL3/RPU 25APP@AL4/RPU APP/g 0 50 0 0 0 0 APP@AL1/g 0 0 50 0 0 0 APP@AL2/g 0 0 0 50 0 0 APP@AL3/g 0 0 0 0 50 0 APP@AL4/g 0 0 0 0 0 50 LY-4110/g 100 100 100 100 100 100 AK-8805/g 2 2 2 2 2 2 LC/g 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 HFC-365 mfc/g 33 33 33 33 33 33 PAPI/g 100 100 100 100 100 100 Notes: LY-4110−Polyetherpolyol; AK-8805−Silicone surfactant; LC−Dibutyltin dilaurate; HFC-365 mfc−Foaming agent;PAPI− Polymethylene polyphenyl isocyanate; 25APP/RPU,25APP@AL1/RPU,25APP@AL2/RPU, 25APP@AL3/RPU,25APP@AL4/RPU, the 25 indicates that the amount of flame retardant added is 25% of the total mass of LY-4110 and PAPI. 表 3 APP和APP@AL中C、P和N元素含量
Table 3. Elemental C, P and N content in APP and APP@AL
Samples C/wt% P/wt% N/wt% APP 0 26.0 14.4 APP@AL1 13.8 19.5 11.9 APP@AL2 12.9 20.6 12.2 APP@AL3 11.6 22.1 12.8 APP@AL4 11.1 21.5 13.2 表 4 RPU泡沫复合材料的孔径尺寸、表观密度、导热系数和压缩强度
Table 4. The cell diameter, apparent density, compression strength and thermal conductivity of RPU foam composites
Samples Cell diameter/μm Apparent density/(kg·m−3) Thermal conductivity/(mW·m−1·K−1) Compressive strength/kg Pure RPU 533 ± 80* 50.5 ± 1.2 23.2 ± 0.1 194 ± 20 25APP/RPU 601 ± 90 49.4 ± 1.5 24.2 ± 0.2 173 ± 25 25APP@AL1/RPU 455 ± 60 51.8 ± 1.1 22.7 ± 0.1 214 ± 18 25APP@AL2/RPU 458 ± 55 51.7 ± 1.0 22.7 ± 0.2 215 ± 14 25APP@AL3/RPU 444 ± 65 52.0 ± 0.9 22.5 ± 0.2 228 ± 20 25APP@AL4/RPU 449 ± 70 51.9 ± 1.0 22.6 ± 0.2 221 ± 21 Note: * Average and standard deviations. 表 5 RPU泡沫复合材料燃烧性能测试结果
Table 5. Test results of fire performance of flame-retardant RPU foam composites
Samples HRR/(kW·m−2) LOI/% TTI/s THR/(MJ·m−2) SPR/(cm2·s−1) TSP/m2 COY/(kg·kg−1) Residue/% PHRR MHRR Pure RPU 403.8 253.1 18.5 6 56.0 0.0094 5.5 279.2 7.4 25APP/RPU 132.6 68.7 26.2 3 25.0 0.0034 2.1 54.2 25.4 25APP@AL1/RPU 149.2 58.6 26.8 5 19.1 0.0027 1.7 27.1 29.2 25APP@AL2/RPU 145.0 56.5 26.9 5 19.0 0.0026 1.5 26.5 28.5 25APP@AL3/RPU 140.5 50.0 27.0 5 18.9 0.0023 1.1 23.3 28.7 25APP@AL4/RPU 150.1 61.6 26.7 5 19.3 0.0025 1.3 25.8 28.0 Notes: PHRR−Peak heat release rate; MHRR−Mean heat release rate; LOI−Limiting oxygen index; TTI−Time to ignition; THR−Total heat release; SPR−Smoke release rate; TSP−Total smoke release; COY−CO yield; Residue−Charcoal residue rate. 表 6 在相应温度下RPU泡沫复合材料不同热解阶段和800℃的残炭
Table 6. The corresponding temperatures of RPU foam composites at different pyrolysis stages and the char residue at 800℃
Samples T10% / ℃ T50% / ℃ W800 / wt% Pure RPU 272 348 13.0 25APP/RPU 263 333 26.8 25APP@AL1/RPU 287 361 28.7 25APP@AL2/RPU 281 358 28.1 25APP@AL3/RPU 274 352 28.8 25APP@AL4/RPU 276 355 28.4 Notes: T10% and T50% represent the temperature where 10wt% and 50wt% of weight were lost, W800 represents the residual weight at 800℃. -
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