Regulation of optical physical properties of semitransparent perovskite solar cells
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摘要: 宽带隙半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池具有优异的光电性能和光学透过率等特点，使其在光伏建筑一体化、叠层器件、可穿戴电子设备等领域有独特的应用优势。然而，由于光敏层带隙吸收损耗、功能层界面反射、电极折射率失配等原因，限制了光子在器件内部的吸收和转换，进而造成光学能量损耗，降低了光利用率。为了提升半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的性能，需要深入研究光物理特性和光子传输路径，提高光电能量转换效率。本论文针对半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池光物理特性的相关机制和调控策略进行系统性总结。首先，围绕光子的传播路径进行理论分析。然后，对围绕减缓光学损耗的光管理策略展开讨论。最后，对半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池当前的应用挑战和未来的发展研究方向进行了展望。
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关键词:
- 半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池 /
- 光物理特性 /
- 光子传输管理 /
- 光学损耗 /
- 光电能量转换效率
Abstract: Band-gap semitransparent perovskite solar cells have excellent photoelectric performance and optical transmittance, which makes them have unique application advantages in photovoltaic building integration, laminated devices, wearable electronic devices and other fields. However, due to the band gap absorption loss of the photosensitive layer, the interface reflection of the functional layer, and the mismatch of the electrode refractive index, the absorption and conversion of photons in the device are limited, resulting in optical energy loss and reduced light utilization. In order to improve the performance of semitransparent perovskite solar cells, it is necessary to deeply study the photophysical characteristics and photon transmission path to improve the Photoelectric conversion efficiency. In this paper, the relevant mechanisms and regulatory strategies of photophysical properties of semitransparent perovskite solar cells are systematically summarized. Firstly, the propagation path of photon is analyzed theoretically. Then, the light management strategy around reducing optical loss is discussed. Finally, the current application challenges and future research directions of translucent perovskite solar cells are prospected. -
图 2 半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池中的光传输路径以示意图TE：透明电极
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of light transmission path on ST-PSCs and radiative recombination and nonradiative recombination caused by defects in the ST-PSCs. TE: transparent electrode
图 7 (a、b)等离子体现象示意图;(c)通过FDTD方法计算的等离子体电场的横向(在PCBM-玻璃界面处)和垂直分布。根据知识共享署名CC-BY许可条款复制[29]
Figure 7. (a,b) Schematic diagram of surface plasmon phenomenon; (c) Lateral (at the PCBM–glass interface) and vertical distributions of the plasmonic electric field calculated by the FDTD method. Reproduced under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution CC-BY license[29]
图 8 (a) 具有2D/3D钙钛矿异质结构的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSC)的横截面扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图像(光从顶部进入);(b)具有2D/3D异质结构和工程化带隙(1.65 eV ≤ Eg ≤ 1.85 eV)的非透明PSC的外量子效率(EQE)和透射率；在1个太阳(AM1.5 G)光照下，具有2D/3D异质结构的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池在对应带隙下的光伏参数 (c) 反向扫描的光电转换效率图(PCE)和(d)电流-电压(J-V)曲线图。经许可转载[33]
Figure 8. (a) Cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the semitransparent perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with 2D/3D perovskite hetero structure (the light enters from the top); (b) External quantum efficiency (EQE) and transmit-tance of semitransparent PSCs with 2D/3D heterostructure and engineered bandgap (1.65 eV ≤ Eg ≤ 1.85 eV); Statistics of the photovoltaic parameters (12Devices) for semitransparent perovskite solar cells with 2D/3D heterostructure under 1 sun AM1.5 G illumination (c) power conversion efficiency (PCE) in the reverse scan direction as a function of the perovskite bandgap and (d) The current–voltage curve. Reproduced with permission[33]
图 9 (a) 以导电聚合物PEDOT:PSST作为顶部电极的电池的器件结构;(b)由彩色钙钛矿太阳能电池组装的彩色原理图“H”的照片图像。每个像素基板的尺寸约为5×5 mm2。经许可转载[34]
Figure 9. (a) Device architecture of the cells with conducting polymer PEDOT:PSST as the top electrod; (b) Photographic image of a colored schematic “H” assembled by colorful perovskite solar cells. Each pixel substrate is with the size of about 5 × 5 mm2. Reproduced with permission.[34]
图 10 单层平面减反膜的(a)光学传输模型;(b)折射率变化示意图;(c)多层平面减反膜的折射率变化示意图
Figure 10. (a) optical transmission model of a single-layer planar anti-reflection coating; (b) Schematic diagram of refractive index change; (c) Multilayer planar anti-reflection coating
图 11 (a) PIT(0-100)系列杂化薄膜的折射率和消光系数随波长的变化。插图显示了折射率随二氧化钛含量的变; 三层减反膜的反射率随波长的变化: FEA玻璃(b)和PMMA衬底(c)。插图为三层增透膜的结构。经许可转载[37]
Figure 11. (a) Variation of the refractive index and extinction coefficient of the PIT0, PIT100 and PIT series hybrid films, with wavelength. The inset figure shows the variation of refractive index with titania content; Variation on the reflectance of the three-layer coating with wavelength: FEA glass (b) and PMMA substrate (c). The inset figures are the structure ofthe three layer anti-reflective coatings. Reproduced with permission.[37]
图 13 (a) 以 IO:H 为顶电极的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的截面扫描图像;(b) 该半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的透过、吸收及反射光谱(插图内为器件的外观照片)经许可转载[43]
Figure 13. (a) Cross-sectional scan image of a translucent perovskite solar cell with IO:H as the top electrode; (b) The transmission, absorption and reflection spectra of the translucent perovskite solar cell (the external photos of the device are shown in the illustrations) are reproduced with permissio[43]
图 14 (a) 以 AgNWs 为顶电极的半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的结构示意图;(b)该半透明钙钛矿太阳能电池的透过率光谱(插图内为对应器件的外观照片) 经许可转载[43]
Figure 14. (a) Schematic diagram of the structure of a translucent perovskite solar cell with AgNWs as the top electrode; (b) Transmittance spectrum of the translucent perovskite solar cell (the appearance photo of the corresponding device is shown in the inset) .Reproduced with permission[43]
图 15 不同厚度钙钛矿薄膜对PSC性能的影响。(a)1太阳光照下PSCs的J-V曲线；(b) 具有不同钙钛矿膜厚度的完整PSC的透射光谱。经许可转载[52]
Figure 15. Characterization of PSCs with CH3 NH3 PbI3 films of different thicknesses. (a) J–V curves of PSCs under AM 1.5 (1 sun) illumination. (e) transmittance spectra of complete PSCs with different CH3 NH3 PbI3 film thicknesses.Reproduced with permission[52]
图 16 (a) 钙钛矿型晶体结构;(b) MAPbCl3、MAPbBr3薄膜的透射率光谱; (c)扫描电子显微镜图像。标尺为5μm。经许可转载[56-61]
Figure 16. (a) Perovskite crystal structure; (b) The transmittance spectra of MAPbCl3 and MAPbBr3 film respectively; (c) The SEM images of MAPbCl3 and MAPbBr3 film respectively. Scale bar is5μm. Reproduced with permission[56-61]
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