轻质聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料的研究进展

杨继飞; 刘珊; 樊峤; 何露露; 何敏

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230119.002

轻质聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230119.002

杨继飞^{1, 3},
刘珊^{2, 3},
樊峤^{1, 3},
何露露^{1, 3},
何敏^{1, 3, ,}

1.
贵州大学　材料与冶金学院，贵阳 550025
2.
贵州理工学院　材料与能源工程学院，贵阳 550003
3.
国家复合改性聚合物材料工程技术研究中心，贵阳 550022

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金地区基金(52163011)；贵州省学术新苗培养及创新探索项目(GZLGXM-22)

详细信息

通讯作者:
何敏，本科，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为功能复合材料　E-mail : hemin851@126.com

中图分类号: TB34
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-15
- 修回日期: 2022-12-13
- 录用日期: 2022-12-15
- 网络出版日期: 2023-01-20
- 刊出日期: 2023-07-15

Research progress of lightweight polymer electromagnetic shielding materials

YANG Jifei^{1, 3},
LIU Shan^{2, 3},
FAN Qiao^{1, 3},
HE Lulu^{1, 3},
HE Min^{1, 3
, ,}

1.
School of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
2.
School of Materials and Energy Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
3.
National Engineering Research Center for Composite Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550022, China

Funds: Authors Acknowledge Financial Support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (52163011); Academic Novice Cultivation and Innovative Exploration Project of Guizhou Province (GZLGXM-22)

摘要

摘要: 目的随着科技不断的进步，5G技术快速的普及以及可穿戴设备的飞速发展，生活变得越来越便利，同时电磁干扰对人们的身体健康和精密电子设备的运行造成威胁。如今传统的电磁屏蔽材料已不能满足人们生活的日常需求，轻质、优异的力学性能以及高效电磁屏蔽效能 ( Electromagnetic shielding efficiency , EMI SE )的电磁屏蔽材料已备受关注。本文总结了电磁屏蔽机制以及聚合物结构对电磁屏蔽性能的影响，本文综述了前沿碳/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料、金属/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料、新型MXene/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料的制备方法、电磁屏蔽性能及其相关机制，探讨了其优势和局限性，并对轻质聚合物电磁屏蔽材料面临的关键挑战、潜在应用和发展前景进行展望。方法当电磁波传输到电磁屏蔽材料时，电磁波在电磁屏蔽材料的表面发生部分反射(SE)，其余电磁波进入到材料的内部，进行多次反射损耗 (SE)、介电损耗和磁损耗(SE)，最终剩余的电磁波会透过电磁屏蔽材料， EMI SE = SE + SE + SE 。本文通过分析碳/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料、金属/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料、新型MXene/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料中聚合物的微观结构、化学结构、官能团以及碳、金属、MXene的成分、微观结构和缺陷等对聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料EMI SE 的影响，对未来的电磁屏蔽材料的发展做出预测。结果多层结构、隔离结构、多孔结构的聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料能显著提高其电磁屏蔽效能，其次我们通过添加碳、金属、MXene等填料增加聚合物基复合材料的导电性、磁损耗、介电损耗，进一步增强其 EMI SE 。一维碳材料通常具有低密度、高拉伸强度和突出的长径比，使其能以相对较低的填料负载量形成有效的导电网络，增强一维碳/聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料的SE，并且大幅度增加一维碳/聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料的力学性能，但是怎么确保一维碳在聚合物基体中形成导电网络是目前的一大难题。石墨烯/聚合物复合材料是二维碳/聚合物复合材料一类，石墨烯/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料虽然有较高的SE ，但是石墨烯/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料因其结构单一、低磁导率以及在层与层之间未形成导电网络，导致聚合/石墨烯的 EMI SE 较差，可以通过增加石墨烯的层数或参杂其他填料提高其 EMI SE 。三维碳/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料具有纳米纤维孔壁和优异EMI SE，但是其脆性大、很难作为结构材料使用。另外，三维碳/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料的分层间隙会导致其 EMI SE 下降，降低分层间隙的缺陷是增加碳泡沫 EMI SE 的有效途径之一，添加高长径比的填料可增强三维碳/聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料的力学性能。可视窗的金属/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料已成为未来的研究趋势之一。高长径比的金属纳米线可在聚合物集体中形成连续的导电网络，增强SE 。金属纳米线赋予了金属/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料透明性，而合金/聚合电磁屏蔽材料多元金属提供多元协同损耗，提高金属/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料的SE。MXene具有高导电性、高比表面积和丰富的官能团，MXene表面的官能团可增强其与基体材料的界面强度，增强MXene/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料的力学性能。MXene/聚合物电磁屏蔽材料常被制备为3D泡孔结构，并且其优异的导电性使其 EMI SE 远远超过了其它典型的多孔材料。结论单一的填料制备的聚合物复合材料无法提供足够的电导率和磁导率。另外，填料在聚合物基体中的分布不可控、复合材料加工困难等因素都是阻碍聚合物基电磁屏蔽材料规模化和市场化的重要因素，有待进一步研究。轻量化、柔性和可视化的高效电磁屏蔽材料是未来的发展方向。纳米材料具有光学透过率、高磁导率和电导率和突出的 EMI SE 。将纳米填料与聚合物复合为轻质、透明、高效的电磁屏蔽材料是未来的研究热点。近几年来，将石墨烯、 MXene 等二维材料与聚合物复合，在电磁屏蔽的研究领域取得了巨大的进展。另外，为避免电磁波反射造成二次危害，制备以吸收为主的高性能电磁屏蔽材料将成为未来电磁屏蔽材料的热点。
- 电磁屏蔽 /
- 聚合物 /
- 轻质 /
- 多孔材料 /
- 吸收衰减
Abstract: With the continuous progress of science and technology, the rapid popularization of 5G technology and the rapid development of wearable devices, life is becoming more and more convenient. Meanwhile, electromagnetic interference poses a threat to the health of people and the operation of precision electronic devices. Nowadays, traditional electromagnetic interference shielding materials can no longer meet the daily needs of people's life, lightweight polymer-based electromagnetic interference shielding materials have attracted more and more attention. This study summarized the electromagnetic interference shielding mechanism, and the influence of polymer structures on electromagnetic interference shielding performance, reviewed the preparation methods, electromagnetic shielding properties, and related mechanisms of advanced carbon/polymer materials, metal/polymer materials, and novel MXene/polymer materials, discussed their advantages and limitations, and prospected the key challenges, potential applications and development prospects of lightweight polymer-based electromagnetic shielding materials in the future.
- electromagnetic interference shielding /
- polymer /
- lightweight /
- porous material /
- absorption attenuation

HTML全文

图 1 电磁屏蔽机制

Figure 1. Electromagnetic shielding mechanism

SE_R—Reflection loss efficiency; SE_A—Absorption loss efficiency

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图 2 3D多层多孔结构电磁屏蔽原理

Figure 2. Electromagnetic shielding mechanism of 3D multilayer porous structures

SE_M—Multiple reflection loss efficiency

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图 3 3D泡孔结构电磁屏蔽原理

Figure 3. Electromagnetic shielding mechanism of three dimensional bubble structure

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表 1 电磁屏蔽效果

Table 1. Electromagnetic shielding effect

No.	EMI SE/dB	Electromagnetic shielding effect	Remarks
1	＜10	Bad	—
2	10-30	General	≥20 dB
			Has commercialization potential
3	30-60	Moderate	≥35 dB
			Meeting civilian needs
4	60-90	Good	≥75 dB
			Meeting military requirements
5	＞90	Excellent
Note: EMI SE—Electromagnetic shielding efficiency.

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 常见的填料

Table 2. Common filler

Classification	Example	Remarks
Carbon	Carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene, etc.	Enhanced material conductivity and dielectric loss
Metal	Nickel, cobalt, iron, zinc, copper, alloy, etc.	Enhanced material conductivity, magnetic properties, dielectric losses and magnetic losses
Composite filler	Carbon and metals, metals and alloys, carbon and MXene, etc.	Packing composition can be designed according to material requirements

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