Fabrication and application of multi-responsive tri-layer actuator
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摘要: 近年来，软体致动器因其能够响应外界条件的刺激而发生形变，在生物医疗、航空航天、智能仿生等领域备受关注。然而，外界环境的刺激往往复杂多变，多数致动器只能对单一刺激进行响应，这无疑增加了软体致动器的使用局限性。因此，有必要开发能响应多种外部条件变化的致动器。本文通过先后真空抽滤氧化石墨烯(GO)和MXene形成双层复合膜，再将聚丙烯(BOPP)胶带通过切割、粘贴和组装，开发了一种基于GO-MXene-BOPP胶带的三层结构致动器。该致动器能够在湿度和光照的刺激下快速发生形变，有效的将其他形式的能量转化为机械能。响应方式的灵活性使得该致动器在仿生机器人、可穿戴设备、微机电系统等领域具有广泛的应用前景。Abstract: In recent years, soft actuators have attracted much attention in the fields of biomedical, aerospace, and intelligent bionics because of their ability to deform in response to stimuli from external conditions. However, the stimuli of the external environment are often complex and variable, and most actuators can only respond to a single stimulus, which undoubtedly increases the limitations of soft actuators. Therefore, it is necessary to develop actuators that can respond to multiple stimuli in external conditions. In this paper, we developed a tri-layer structured actuator consisting of GO-MXene-BOPP tape by successively vacuum-filtering graphene oxide (GO) and MXene to form a bilayer composite film, and then cutting, pasting, and assembling polypropylene (BOPP) tape. The actuator is capable of undergoing rapid deformation in response to humidity and light stimuli, effectively converting other energy into mechanical energy. The flexibility of the response method enables the actuator to have a wide range of applications in the fields of bionic robotics, wearable devices, and microelectromechanical systems.
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Key words:
- soft actuator /
- multi-responsive /
- MXene /
- graphene oxide /
- tri-layer structure
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图 1 (a)氧化石墨烯(GO)-MXene-聚丙烯(BOPP)三层薄膜的制备流程简图；(b) GO-MXene-BOPP三层薄膜的实物正反面照片；(c) GO-MXene-BOPP三层薄膜的横截面SEM图像
Figure 1. (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for the graphene oxide (GO)-MXene-polypropylene (BOPP) tri-layer film; (b) Front and back photographs of the GO-MXene-BOPP tri-layer film; (c) Cross-section SEM image of the GO-MXene-BOPP tri-layer film
图 2 (a)GO的XPS宽谱；(b)GO的C1s光谱；(c)GO的XRD谱图；(d)MXene的XPS宽谱；(e)MXene的O1s光谱；(f)MXene的XRD谱图
Figure 2. (a) Survey XPS spectrum of GO; (b) C1s spectra of GO; (c) XRD spectrum of GO; (d) Survey XPS spectrum of MXene; (e) O1s spectra of MXene; (f) XRD spectra of MXene
图 4 GO-MXene-BOPP三层致动器在光照(左)和湿度(右)条件下的驱动原理示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of the driving principle of GO-MXene-BOPP tri-layer actuator under light (left) and humidity (right) conditions
图 5 (a)GO-MXene-BOPP三层致动器的弯曲角度在不同湿度下的变化情况；(b)致动器在RH=15%和RH=100%切换时的响应与恢复曲线；(c)致动器在RH=100%的湿度条件下重复响应500次的稳定性；(d)致动器的弯曲角度和温度在不同光照强度下的变化情况；(e)致动器在0和200 mW/cm²的光照强度切换时的响应与恢复曲线；(f)致动器在200 mW/cm2的光照条件下重复响应500次的稳定性
Figure 5. (a) Variation of bending angle of GO-MXene-BOPP triple actuator under different humidity; (b) Response and recovery curves of the actuator when switching between RH=15% and RH=100%; (c) Stability of the actuator when repeating the response for 500 times under the condition of RH=100% humidity; (d) Variation of the bending angle and temperature of the actuator under different light intensity; (e) Response and recovery curves of the actuator when switching between light intensity of 0 and 200 mW/cm²; (f) Stability of the actuator for 500 repetitions of response under light condition of 200 mW/cm²
图 6 (a)多刺激响应智能开关的示意简图；(b)智能开关初始状态的数码照片；(c)在湿度条件下智能开关的行为照片；(d)在光照条件下智能开关的行为照片
Figure 6. (a) Schematic representation of the multi-responsive smart switch; (b) Digital photograph of the initial state of the smart switch;(c) Photograph of the behavior of the smart switch under humidity conditions; (d) Photograph of the behavior of the smart switch under light conditions
图 7 (a)仿生含羞草初始状态的照片；在光照(b)和湿度(c)下仿生含羞草的表现；(d)外界条件消失后含羞草的恢复情况
Figure 7. (a) Photographs of the initial state of the bionic mimosa; Performance of the bionic mimosa under light (b) and humidity (c) actuation; (d) Recovery of the mimosa after the disappearance of external conditions
表 1 不同执行器性能比较
Table 1. Comparison of the performance of different actuators
Actuator Materials Driving method Maximum bending angle MXene/NIPAm Hydrogel Nanocomposite [30] Light 20° Bacterial Cellulose/MXene/Graphene Oxide Film [31] Humidity 120° MXene-LCE soft tubular actuator [32] Light 110° MXene/TA/PU/CNF actuator [33] Light 105° Graphene Monolayer paper [34] Light / Humidity 98°/132° TPU-GO composite membrane actuator [35] Light / Humidity 60°/108° ★This Work Light / Humidity 132°/130° Notes：LCE is liquid crystal elastomer；TA is tannic acid;PU is poly urethane；CNF is carbon nanofiber；TPU is thermoplastic polyurethane；GO is graphene oxide. 
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