Microstructure and mechanical properties of heterogeneous layered titanium alloy components fabricated via additive manufacturing
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摘要: 采用双丝等离子实现了TC4与TA2交替沉积的异质层状钛合金构件的增材制造,构件具有良好的沉积形貌及力学性能。采用了OM、SEM、背散射电子衍射技术(EBSD)、XRD等方法对构件进行了微观组织表征,并结合显微硬度和压缩性能测试了其力学性能。研究结果表明:TA2和TC4区域主要组织分别是由片层α相和α+β的网篮组织/集束组织组成。各区域晶粒沿着热流反方向凝固生长,TC4区域与TA2区域的晶界特征和晶体取向具有相似规律,但由于异质材料相生长差异,层与层之间β相晶粒生长方向发生改变,TC4区域的原始β相会沿着已沉积TA2区域晶粒某一择优取向生长,进而限制了β相连续生长为粗大柱状晶。层状结构中TC4区域的硬度明显高于TA2区域,并沿着沉积方向硬度呈现增加的趋势。增材构件沿着不同方向具有接近的抗压强度,近2.0 GPa,但是TC4和TA2交替形成的层状特殊结构,其沿着沉积方向具有高的断裂应变(0.33),沿着扫描方向具有高的屈服强度(1133 MPa)。Abstract: The additive manufacturing of heterogeneous layered titanium alloy is realized by the alternating deposition of TC4 and TA2 using a double wire plasma system. The components have good deposition morphology and mechanical properties. OM, SEM, backscattered electron diffraction technique (EBSD), XRD etc. were used to analyze the microstructure, mechanical properties were tested with microhardness and compression properties. The results show that TA2 and TC4 regions are mainly composed of lamellae α phase and α+β phase of basketweave and colonies structure. The grains in each region grow in the opposite direction of heat flow. The grain boundary characteristics and crystal orientation of TC4 region and TA2 region have similar laws, but due to the differences of phase growth of heterogeneous materials, the growth direction of β phase has changed between different layers, and the original β phase growth direction of TC4 region will grow along a preferred orientation of the deposited TA2 region, which limits the phenomenon of continuous growth of β phase into coarsened columnar crystal. In the layered structure, the hardness of TC4 region is significantly higher than that of TA2 region, and the hardness increases along the deposited direction. The component has close compressive strength along different directions, nearly 2.0 GPa, but the special layered structure formed alternately by TC4 and TA2 has high fracture strain (0.33) along the deposited direction and high yield strength (1133 MPa) along the travel direction.
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表 1 基板及焊丝化学成分
Table 1. Chemical compositions of base plate and wires
wt% Element N O H Fe Al V Ti Base plate 0.03 0.10 0.01 0.21 6.42 4.30 Bal. Wire of TC4 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.19 6.09 3.94 Bal. Wire of TA2 0.02 0.13 0.01 0.13 — — Bal. Note: Bal.—Banlance. 表 2 增材过程工艺参数
Table 2. Parameters of additive manufacturing
Parameters Current/A Deposition velocity/
(m·min−1)Shield gas
flux/(L·min−1)Plasma gas flow
rate/(L·min−1)Wire feeding speed
of TC4/(m·min−1)Wire feeding speed
of TA2/(m·min−1)130 0.3 20 0.8 0.8 0.8 表 3 层状TC4-TA2钛合金与单一材料TA2和TC4压缩性能公开报告与本研究对比
Table 3. Compressive properties of layered TC4-TA2 titanium alloy compared to that of single material of TA2 and TC4 published in the literatures
Material Direction
(test)σCY/MPa σUCS/MPa εf/% Percent change in σCY/% Percent change in εf/% CP-Ti [19-20] Z 530 820 60.0 83.4 −45.0 CP-Ti SLM [21] Z 620 1100 51.0 56.8 −35.3 X 620 1050 51.0 82.7 −52.9 CP-Ti LENS [19, 22] Z 395±10 880±15 50.0±2.0 146.1 −34.0 TC4SPS [23] Z 1354 1735 10.0 −28.2 230 TC4SLM [24] Z 1400±10 1699±17 18.6±4.9 −30.6 77.4 X 1375±20 1741±18.7 23.3±0.8 −17.6 3.0 TC4WAAM [25] Z 960±12 1 918±18 13.8±1.0 1.3 139.1 X 971±10 1 891±112 19.5±1.0 16.7 23.1 Notes: σCY—Compressive yield strength; σUCS—Ultimate compressive strength; εf—Fracture strain; CP-Ti—Commercially pure titanium; SLM—Selective laser melting; LENS—Laser engineered net shaping; SPS—Spark plasma sintering; WAAM—Wire and arc additive manufacturing. -
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