Research status and development trend of electromagnetic absorbing materials
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摘要: 随着电子设备在军事、通讯、医疗、交通等领域的广泛应用，电磁干扰和电磁辐射问题日益加剧。电磁吸波材料可以将进入材料内部的电磁波能量转化为热能或其他形式的能量耗散掉，是一种直接有效的电磁污染防控手段。因此，国内外研究者围绕高性能吸波材料的开发及应用投入了大量研究。结合国内外研究现状对电磁吸波材料的吸收理论进行了简要概述，并对吸波材料的分类进行了总结归纳，重点探讨了吸波材料结构设计对电磁波吸收性能提升的作用机制，最后从吸波材料应用的“兼容化、复合化、智能化、环保化”方面对其发展趋势进行了展望，旨在为新型及高性能吸波材料的开发提供研究思路和理论依据。Abstract: With the wide application of electronic equipment in military, communication, medical, transportation and other fields, the problems of electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation are increasing. Wave absorbing materials can convert the electromagnetic wave energy into heat or other forms energy, which is a direct and effective means of electromagnetic pollution prevention and control. Therefore, researchers at home and abroad have invested a lot of research on the development and application of high-performance wave absorbing materials. Based on the current research status at home and abroad, the paper briefly summarizes the absorption theory and the classification of wave absorbing material. In addition, the paper focusses on the enhancement of electromagnetic adsorption performance from the structural design of materials. Finally, this paper prospects the development trend of wave absorption materials from the direction of compatibility, composite, intelligence and eco-friendly. The paper aims to provide research ideas and theoretical basis for the development of new and high-performance wave absorbing materials.
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图 1 吸波机制示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of wave absorbing mechanism
EM—Electromagnetic
图 2 (a) 单层稻壳灰/碳纳米管复合材料的仿真模型、样品图及不同参数下的反射损耗图[39]；(b) 多层雷达吸波结构的仿真模型、材料截面SEM图像及不同混合方式的反射损耗图[46]；(c) SiC气凝胶电磁波损耗机制示意图、SEM图像及反射损耗图[50]
Figure 2. (a) Simulation model, sample photo and microwave reflection loss curves of single layer rice husk ash (RHA)/carbon nanotubes (CNTs)[39]; (b) Simulation model, SEM images of cross section and microwave reflection loss curves for the multi-slab hybrid composite[46]; (c) EM wave attenuation mechanism schematic, SEM images and microwave reflection loss curves of the SiC aerogel[50]
Ht—Magnetic field; Et—Electromagnetic field; RHA—Rice husk ash; CNT—Carbon nanotube; HTangential—Tangential magnetic field; ETangential—Tangential electromagnetic field; θ—Angle of incidence; PEC—Metal back plate; RAS—Radar absorbing structure
图 3 (a) 中空锶铁氧体纳米纤维的形成机制、不同温度下的TEM图像及反射损耗图[55]；(b) CoFe2O4/多孔碳纳米片复合材料微波吸收机制图、SEM图像及不同参数下的三维反射损耗图[59]；(c) 液态金属和铜(LC)复合微米颗粒微波吸收机制图、SEM图像及不同参数下的三维反射损耗图[67]
Figure 3. (a) Formation mechanism, TEM images under different temperature and microwave reflection loss curves of the hollow SrFe12O19 nanofibers[55]; (b) Microwave absorption mechanism schematic, SEM images and 3D reflection loss plots of CoFe2O4@C composite material[59]; (c) Microwave absorption mechanism schematic, SEM images and 3D reflection loss plots of the LC composite micro-particles[67]
PVP—Polyvinylpyrrolidone; CFO—CoFe2O4; CN—Carbon nanosheet; 3D-CFO@CN-2, where the number 2 means 2 g glucose; CON-1—Control group prepared without NaCl template; LC—Liquid metal and copper; Pin—Wave of incidence; Pref—Wave of reflection; Pout—Transmitted wave
图 4 吸波材料的结构设计、分类、应用及发展趋势
Figure 4. Structural design, classification, application and development trend of absorbing materials
表 1 吸波材料的分类
Table 1. Classification of wave absorbing materials
Categories Representative materials Material characteristics Carbon series absorbing materials Graphene, graphite, carbon black, carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes Low density, good absorption performance, easy to compound with other absorbers and microstructure can be designed Iron series absorbing materials Ferrite, magnetic iron nanomaterials High absorption efficiency, thin coating, wide frequency band and have high specific gravity Ceramic series absorbing materials Silicon carbide, silicon carbide composites Excellent mechanical and thermophysical properties Conducting polymer absorbing materials Schiff base absorbing materials, ferrocene absorbing materials, conjugated polymer absorbing materials Diverse structure, low density, unique physical and chemical properties Chiral absorbing materials Metal chiral microsomes, spiral carbon fibers, chiral conductive polymers High absorption efficiency, wide frequency band, and can adjustable parameters to adjust the absorption characteristics Plasma absorbing materials Plasma Unique absorption and refraction properties for electromagnetic waves 
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