Abstract: With the wide application of electronic equipment in military, communication, medical, transportation and other fields, the problems of electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic radiation are increasing. Wave absorbing materials can convert the electromagnetic wave energy into heat or other forms energy, which is a direct and effective means of electromagnetic pollution prevention and control. Therefore, researchers at home and abroad have invested a lot of research on the development and application of high-performance wave absorbing materials. Based on the current research status at home and abroad, the paper briefly summarizes the absorption theory and the classification of wave absorbing material. In addition, the paper focusses on the enhancement of electromagnetic adsorption performance from the structural design of materials. Finally, this paper prospects the development trend of wave absorption materials from the direction of compatibility, composite, intelligence and eco-friendly. The paper aims to provide research ideas and theoretical basis for the development of new and high-performance wave absorbing materials.