Mechanical properties at elevated and cryogenic temperatures of carbon fiber reinforced vinylester resin composites after hygroscopic aging
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摘要: 碳纤维增强乙烯基酯树脂复合材料(CFRP)是海洋和舰船工程领域广泛应用的结构材料，在复杂海洋环境和服役工况下，材料面临湿热和极端温度的考验。本文研究了树脂和CFRP在水浴过程中的质量和形貌变化及水浴吸湿后CFRP在3种测试温度下(−30℃、室温和70℃)的力学性能演变。FTIR和液相色谱-质谱联用实验结果表明乙烯基酯树脂在水浴过程中发生了水解，而吸湿后CFRP的微观形貌观察表明纤维-基体界面的存在会改变树脂基体的吸湿行为。低温、高温和水浴120天后室温测试环境下，CFRP的压缩强度相比未吸湿试样的室温初始强度，分别降低了27.4%、36.2%和32.8%；而低温环境下面内剪切强度提升了35%，高温环境下降低了27%，水浴120天后提升了7%，显示温度对CFRP面内剪切强度的影响大于湿热老化。此外，动态热力学性能测试显示初始阶段的吸湿会导致CFRP储能模量和玻璃化转变温度(Tg)降低，但后期储能模量和Tg会部分恢复。
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关键词:
- 碳纤维增强树脂复合材料 /
- 乙烯基树脂 /
- 湿热老化 /
- 水解 /
- 力学性能
Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced vinylester resin composites (CFRP) are widely used as structural materials in ocean and ship engineering. In an unpredictable ocean environment and service condition, materials are subjected to hygroscopic environment and extreme temperatures. In this paper, the weight change and morphology changes of resin matrix and CFRP after immersion into water as well as the development of mechanical properties for CFRP during immersion duration at three temperatures (−30℃, room temperature and 70℃) were studied. The results from FTIR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that the vinylester resin was hydrolyzed during immersion, and observations on the microscopic morphology revealed that the formation of fiber-matrix interface changed the moisture absorption behavior of resin matrix. The compressive strength of CFRP at cryogenic temperature and elevated temperature as well as at room temperature after 120 days’ immersion decreased by 27.4%, 36.2% and 32.8% as compared to the unaged strength at room temperature, respectively. And the in-plane shear strength increased by 35% at low temperature, decreased by 27% at elevated temperature, and increased by 7% after 120 days’ immersion, showing that the influence of temperature on the in-plane shear strength of CFRP was greater than that of hygroscopic aging. Meanwhile, the results from dynamic thermomechanical analysis displayed that the storage modulus and glass transition temperature (Tg) declined due to the moisture absorption, but later recovered partially. -
图 1 实验流程图
Figure 1. Experimental process diagram
VARI—Vacuum assisted resin injection; CFRP—Carbon fiber reinforced vinylester resin composite; PTFE—Polytetrafluoroethylene
图 2 压缩试验 (a) 和面内剪切试验 (b) 标准试样示意图
Figure 2. Standard specimens’ configurations for compressive test (a) and in-plane shear test (b)
图 3 纯树脂试样表面形貌变化和质量变化
Figure 3. Evolution of surface morphologies and mass change for pure resin specimens
图 4 CFRP试样表面形貌变化和质量变化
Figure 4. Evolution of surface morphology and mass change for CFRP specimens
图 7 提取离子流色谱/质谱
Figure 7. Extracted ion chromatography and mass spectra
m/z—Mass-to-charge ratio
图 9 面内剪切载荷下CFRP的应力-应变曲线
Figure 9. Stress-strain curves under in-plane shear load for CFRP
G—Shear modulus; Δτ—Shear stress; Δγ—Shear strain
图 11 面内剪切试验中CFRP的破坏模式
Figure 11. Failure modes under in-plane shear test for CFRP
Failure identification codes (such as VGN) consisting of three characters marked in (a)-(c) describe the failure mode, failure area and failure location respectively. Failure mode: H—Horizontal cracking; V—Vertical cracking; M(HV)—Multi-mode; Failure area: G—Gage; Failure location: N—Between notches
图 12 压缩载荷下CFRP的应力-应变曲线
Figure 12. Stress-strain curves under compressive load for CFRP
EC—Compressive modulus; Δσ—Stress increment; Δε—Strain increment
图 14 压缩试验中CFRP的破坏模式
Figure 14. Failure modes under compression test for CFRP specimens
Failure identification codes (such as BGM) consisting of three characters marked in (a)-(c) describe the failure mode, failure area and failure location respectively. Failure mode: B—Brooming; D—Delamination; H—Through-thickness; M(xy)—Multi-mode (x, y=B, D, H, S); S—Long splitting; Failure area: A—At grip/tab; Failure location: T—Top; M—Middle; V—Various
图 15 CFRP的动态力学分析: (a) 储能模量；(b) 损耗模量；(c) 损耗因子(tanδ)；(d) 玻璃化转变温度(Tg)
Figure 15. Dynamic mechanical analysis for CFRP: (a) Storage modulus; (b) Loss modulus; (c) tanδ; (d) Glass transition temperature (Tg)
表 1 老化环境
Table 1. Ageing environment
Environment Immersion into medium with a depth of 30 cm Medium Deionized water Temperature 70℃ Aging time 60 days, 120 days 
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表 2 测试环境
Table 2. Testing environment
Testing environments Testing temperature/℃ Aging time Specimen conditions CTD −30 0 day Dry RTD 20±5 0 day Dry ETD 70 0 day Dry CTW −30 60 days, 120 days Wet RTW 20±5 60 days, 120 days Wet ETW 70 60 days, 120 days Wet Notes: CTD—Cryogenic temperature dry; RTD—Room temperature dry; ETD—Elevated temperature dry; CTW—Cryogenic temperature wet; RTW—Room temperature wet; ETW—Elevated temperature wet.
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