Preparation and performance of CNT impregnating 3D Ethylene-Propylene Side By Side (ES)/PET nonwoven-based flexible pressure sensors
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摘要: 为克服柔性传感器在灵敏度较低、生产流程复杂以及透气性不足等方面的挑战，本研究通过针刺-热熔技术制备了一种三维聚乙烯-聚丙烯(Ethylene-Propylene Side By Side，ES)/聚酯(PET)纤维非织造材料。随后，利用碳纳米管(CNT)对该材料进行浸渍处理，成功开发了一种性能优异的CNT包覆三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器，并对比分析了不同CNT浸渍时间和浸渍次数对传感器性能的影响。研究结果显示，该CNT包覆三维ES/PET非织造基柔性压力传感器具有高达0.375 kPa−1的灵敏度和0-214.53 kPa的检测范围。经过2100次压缩循环，传感器展现了优异的稳定性和可重复性，响应时间为48 ms，恢复时间为122 ms。在实际应用中，该传感器能够精确识别如呼吸、吞咽、手指弯曲等人体细微生理活动，在运动、医疗、虚拟现实等多个领域具有潜在的广泛应用。Abstract: To address the challenges associated with low sensitivity, complex production processes, and insufficient breathability of flexible sensors, this study developed a three-dimensional nonwoven material made of polyethylene-polypropylene (Ethylene-Propylene Side By Side, ES)/polyester (PET) fibers through needle punching and thermal bonding techniques. The material was then impregnated with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), leading to the successful development of a high-performance CNT impregnating three-dimensional thermally bonded nonwoven-based pressure sensor. The impact of different CNT impregnation processes on sensor performance was comparatively analyzed. The findings indicate that the three-dimensional ES/PET nonwoven-based flexible pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of up to 0.375 kPa−1 and a detection range of 0-214.53 kPa. After 2100 compression cycles, the sensor demonstrate excellent stability and repeatability, with a response time of 48 ms and a recovery time of 122 ms. In practical applications, this sensor can accurately identify subtle physiological activities such as breathing, swallowing, and finger bending, showing potential for widespread use in sports, medical, and virtual reality fields.
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图 1 3 D ES/PET非织造基布制备流程图
Figure 1. Flow chart of 3 D ES/PET nonwoven fabric preparation
图 2 CNT包覆三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器制备流程图
Figure 2. Preparation flow chart of CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor
图 3 三维ES/PET非织造布实物图: (a)浸渍CNT前后非织造布实物图; (b) CNT包覆三维ES/PET非织造布厚度; (c)弯曲状态; (d)挤压状态
Figure 3. 3 D ES/PET nonwoven physical picture: (a) Physical drawings of the fabric before and after CNT impregnation; (b) Thickness of CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven; (c) Bending; (d) Extrusion
图 4 非织造材料在CNT溶液中浸渍不同时间的SEM图; ((a1)~(a3))未经过浸渍处理; ((b1)~(b3))浸渍5分钟; ((c1)~(c3))浸渍10分钟; ((d1)~(d3))浸渍15分钟
Figure 4. SEM images of nonwoven materials immersed in CNT solution for different durations; ((a1)~(a3)) untreated; ((b1)~(b3)) immersed for 5 minutes; ((c1)~(c3)) immersed for 10 minutes; ((d1)~(d3)) immersed for 15 minutes
图 5 非织造材料在CNT溶液中浸渍不同次数的SEM图; ((a1)~(a3))浸渍15分钟 1次; ((b1)~(b3))浸渍15分钟 2次; ((c1)~(c3))浸渍15分钟 3次; ((d1)~(d3))浸渍15分钟 4次
Figure 5. SEM images of nonwoven materials immersed in CNT solution for different numbers of cycles; ((a1)~(a3)) immersed for 15 minutes, one cycle; ((b1)~(b3)) immersed for 15 minutes, two cycle; ((c1)~(c3)) immersed for 15 minutes, three cycle; ((d1)~(d3)) immersed for 15 minutes, four cycle
图 6 CNT浸渍不同时间所制备出三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器的相对电阻变化曲线
Figure 6. The relative resistance change curve of the CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor prepared by immersing CNT for different durations.
图 7 CNT浸渍15分钟所制备三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器的灵敏度曲线图
Figure 7. The sensitivity curve of the CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor prepared by immersing CNT for 15 minutes.
图 8 CNT浸渍15分钟 不同循环次数所制备出三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器的相对电阻变化曲线
Figure 8. The relative resistance change curve of CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor prepared with CNT immersion for 15 minutes at different cycle numbers.
图 9 经过三次循环CNT浸渍15分钟处理的三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器灵敏度曲线图
Figure 9. The sensitivity curve of the CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor prepared with CNT immersion for 15 minutes at 3 cycle numbers.
图 10 三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器的响应和恢复时间曲线图: (a)响应时间; (b)恢复时间
Figure 10. Response and recovery time curves of the CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor: (a) Response time;(b) Relaxation time
图 11 三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器经过2100次压力循环耐久性实验
Figure 11. Durability test of the CNT impregnating 3D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor after 2100 pressure cycles
图 12 三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器的机制图
Figure 12. Mechanism diagram of CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor
图 13 三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器在关节弯曲状态下的应用性测试: (a)手指弯曲; (b)膝盖弯曲; (c)握拳; (d)手腕弯曲; (e)手肘弯曲
Figure 13. Application test of CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-basedpressure sensor in joint curvature: (a) Curved fingers; (b) Knee bending;(c) Clench fist; (d) Wrist bending; (e) Elbow bending
图 14 三维ES/PET非织造基压力传感器在生活常见活动监测中的应用: (a)不同频率手指点击; (b)不同力度手指点击; (c)吞咽; (d)不同频率鼠标点击; (e)摩斯密码; (f)呼吸监测
Figure 14. Application of CNT impregnating 3 D ES/PET nonwoven-based pressure sensor in the monitoring of common activities of life: (a) Finger clicks of different frequencies; (b) Finger clicks of varying intensity; (c) Swallowing; (d) different frequency of mouse clicks; (e) Morse Code; (f) Respiratory monitoring
表 1 三维ES/PET非织造布性能测试
Table 1. Performance testing of 3 D ES/PET nonwovens
Performances Thicknesses/mm Surface density/
(g/100 cm2)Permeability/
(mm·s−1)Breaking
strength/NElongation
at break/%Breaking strength/
(cN·cm−2)1# 5.63 2.32 1990 53.50 103.20 1.07 2# 5.69 2.61 2380 63.30 116.50 1.27 3# 5.62 2.56 2210 70.00 113.90 1.40 Average value 5.65 2.50 2193.33 62.27 111.20 1.25 
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表 2 柔性压阻传感器性能对比表
Table 2. Performance comparison table of flexible piezoresistive sensors
Electrode Type Structure Sensitivity/kPa−1 Detect Range/kPa Response time/
msRef Silver nanowires Piezoresistive 3 D porous microstructured 0.014 0-100 64 [27] Expandable graphite Piezoresistive Planar structure 0.15 0.1-110 - [28] Reduced graphene oxide Piezoresistive Polyurethane foam 0.17 0-25 300 [29] Reduced graphene oxide Piezoresistive 3 D porous microstructured 0.009 0-180 13 [30] Reduced graphene oxide Piezoresistive Polyurethane sponge 0.13 0-30 - [31] CNT Piezoresistive 3 D nonwoven 5.57% 0-131.32 105 [32] CNT Piezoresistive 3 D ES/PET
network structure0.375 0-214.5 48 This work
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