Research progress of nanomaterials in flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors
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摘要: 随着柔性压力传感器在健康检测、电子皮肤和可穿戴电子设备等领域中的快速发展,制备出具有优良性能的柔性压力传感器越来越迫切。纳米材料因其具有表面与界面效应、小尺寸效应及宏观量子隧道效应的存在,从而可对柔性压力传感器的性能进行优化。基于纳米材料的压力传感器具有体积小、检测范围宽、灵敏度高等优良性能,本文综述了近几年纳米材料在柔性压阻式压力传感器中的最新研究进展。Abstract: With the rapid development of flexible pressure sensors in the fields of health detection, electronic skin and wearable electronic devices, the research on fabrication of high-performance flexible piezoresistive sensors has become prevalent. The performance of flexible pressure sensors can be optimized by nanomaterials because of their surface and interface effects, small size effects and macroscopic quantum tunneling effects. Nanomaterials based pressure sensor has the advantages of small size, wide detection range and high sensitivity. In this paper, the latest research progress of nanomaterials in flexible pressure sensors in recent years is reviewed.
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Key words:
- flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor /
- nanomaterials /
- performance /
- optimization /
- research progress
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图 1 零维纳米材料在柔性压阻式压力传感器中的应用:(a) 炭黑(CB)纳米粒子[33];((b), (c)) 金属银纳米粒子(AgNPs)[32];((d)~(g)) 金属铂纳米粒子(PdNPs)[34]
Figure 1. Application of 0D materials in flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors: (a) Carbon black (CB) nanoparticles[33]; ((b), (c)) Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)[32]; ((d)-(g)) Platinum nanoparticles (PdNPs)[34]
AP—Airlaid paper
图 2 (a) 由海胆形金属纳米粒子(SSNPs)和聚氨酯(PU)组成的压力传感器的制造示意图[25];基于聚苯胺(PANI)/SiO2纳米颗粒的压力传感器:(b) 海胆形PANI/SiO2颗粒;(c)球形 PANI@SiO2颗粒;(d)压力传感器的横截面 SEM 图像[34];(e)联锁粗糙和多孔微结构在负载压力下的电流行为;(f) 二元纳米颗粒之间的电流;(g)基于银纳米晶体(AgNCs) 的压力传感器的工作原理图[35]
Figure 2. (a) Schematic illustration for fabrication of a pressure sensor composed of sea-urchin shaped metal nanoparticles (SSNPs) and polyurethane (PU)[25]; PANI@silica-based pressure sensor: (b) A sea-urchin-shaped PANI@silica particle; (c) A spherical PANI@silica particle; (d) Cross-sectional SEM image of the pressure sensor; (e) Current flow behavior of the interlocked rough and porous microstructure under loading pressure; (f) Current flow between binary nanoparticles[34]; (g) Working principle diagram of pressure sensor based on silver nanocrystals (AgNCs)[35]
NPs—Nanoparticles; ITO/PET—Indium tin oxide/polyethylene terephthalate; EDT—1,2-ethanedithiol; PDMS—Polydimethylsiloxane
图 3 (a) 在微结构 PDMS 薄膜上形成单壁碳纳米管(SWNTs)纳米网络的示意图[38];(b) 基于聚乙烯亚胺-碳纳米管(PEI-CNTs)材料的柔性压阻式压力传感器的传感机制[39];(c) 微结构PDMS薄膜上垂直排列的金纳米线(v-AuNWs)阵列生长过程示意图;(d) 基于v-AuNWs/PDMS传感器结构示意图[40]
Figure 3. (a) Schematics of procedures for forming single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) nanonetworks on selected locations of microstructured PDMS films [38]; (b) Sensing mechanism of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor based on polythylenimine-carbon nanotubes (PEI-CNTs) material[39]; (c) Schematic of the growth process of vertically aligned gold nanowires (v-AuNWs) arrays on microstructured PDMS films; (d) Structure diagram of sensor based on v-AuNW/PDMS[40]
DCB—Dichlorobenzene; APTES—3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
图 4 随机分布棘微结构(RDS)石墨烯压力传感器的工作机制:对应于卸载初始状态(a)、轻载(b)和重载(c)的电路模型的示意图[45];基于微棘状 MXene 的传感器的传感机制:微棘传感器在原始状态(d)、轻载(e)、重载(f)和恢复(g)条件下的原位横截面SEM图像和相应的微观结构模型[48]; (h) 装置结构示意图;(i) 压力传感器工作原理示意图[31]
Figure 4. Working mechanism of the random distribution spinosum (RDS) graphene pressure sensor: Photographs and schematic illustrations of circuit models corresponding to initial state of unloading (a), light loading (b), and heavy loading (c)[45]; In situ cross-sectional SEM image and corresponding microstructural models of the microspinous sensor in the original state (d), under light loading (e), heavy loading (f), and recovery (g)[48]; Device structure (h) and working principle (i) of the pressure sensor[31]
Ri—Intrinsic resistance of the interdigital electrode; Rs—Resistance of the increased conductive paths under light loading; Rb—Resistance of the increased conductive paths under heavy loading; Rh—Resistance in the hole; Rc1—Resistance of contact interfaces; Rc2—Resistance of cracks in the rGO
图 5 (a) rGO-CB@丝瓜海绵(LS)的制备过程示意图[28];((b), (c)) 分层 ZIF-67晶体/MXene 杂化材料的合成示意图;(d) 柔性压力传感器的示意图[57]
Figure 5. (a) Schematic diagram of the preparation process of rGO-CB@loofah sponge (LS) [28]; ((b), (c)) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of the hierarchical ZIF-67 crystal/MXene hybrid materials; (d) Illustration of the flexible pressure sensor[57]
RT—Room temperature
图 6 纳米压阻式压力传感器在人体健康检测领域中的应用:响应气体流量增加的电流变化(a)和相应的静压值(b);呼吸监测系统的照片(c)及显示呼吸强度的图(d);径向脉冲压力感知系统照片(e)和径向脉冲信号(f);颈动脉脉压测量系统照片(g)和颈动脉脉冲信号(h)[34]
Figure 6. Application of nano piezoresistive pressure sensor in human health detection field: Current variations in response to gas flow increase (a) and corresponding static pressure values (b); Photograph of the respiration monitoring system (c) and graphs showing the breath intensity (d); Photograph of the radial pulse pressure perception system (e) and radial pulse signal (f); Photograph of the carotid pulse pressure measurement system (g) and carotid pulse signal (h) [34]
ΔI/I0—Current variation; ΔTDVP—Digital volume pulse time; P0-P3—Distinguishable peaks
图 7 纳米压阻式压力传感器在实时运动监测领域的应用:(a) 手指弯曲运动;(b) 重复手指弯曲运动;(c) 握紧拳头运动[25];(d) 装在脚后跟的传感器照片;(e) 行走、奔跑和跳跃时传感器检测到的信号[45]
Figure 7. Resistance response (R/R0) of the sensor in response to finger bending motion (a), repetitive finger bending motion (b), and clenched fist motion (c)[25] ; Photograph of the sensor put on the heel of the foot (d) and its detected signal when walking, running, and jumping (e)[45]
图 8 (a) MXene基压阻传感器4×4阵列照片及相应压力分布检测;(b) 安装在机器人上的压力传感器的照片(插图:传感位置的放大视图)和对其运动行为的响应检测;(c) 带有蓝牙电路模块的压阻式传感器将其电流信号转换为便携式移动设备显示器 [48]
Figure 8. (a) Photograph of the 4×4 array of MXene-based piezoresistive sensor and detection of thecorresponding pressure distributions; (b) Photograph of the pressure sensor assembled on a robot (Inset: Enlarged view of the sensing position) and detection of its response tothe motion behavior; (c) Piezoresistive sensor with a Bluetooth circuit module converts its current signal to a portable mobile device display [48]
表 1 基于零维纳米材料的柔性压阻式压力传感器性能
Table 1. Performance of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 0D materials
Material Minimum
detection/PaMaximum
detection/kPaMaximum
sensitivity/kPa−1Response time/ms Repeatability Ref. PET/PU-metal nanoparticles 0.3 18 2.46 30 600 [25] Polyimide (PI)/AgNPs 0.1 100 1400 200 1000 [32] Carbon black/paper 1 30 51.23 <200 3600 [33] PANI-SiO2 8 120 17.5 90 6000 [34] PDMS/AgNPs 10 100 2.72×104 100 7000 [35] PI/AgNPs aerogels −1.563×104 69.25 6.9 — 3000 [36] PET/PdNPs 0.5 40 0.13 — 500 [37] 表 2 基于一维纳米材料的柔性压阻式压力传感器性能
Table 2. Performance of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 1D materials
Material Minimum
detection/PaMaximum
detection/kPaMaximum
sensitivity/kPa−1Response time/ms Repeatability Ref. PDMS/CNTs — 3000 5.66×10−3 300 1000 [21] PDMS/SWNTs 120 400 0.06 23 10000 [38] Fiber/CNTs 2500 4×104 50 — 550 [39] PDMS/AuNWs — 3 23 <10 >10000 [40] PDMS/ZnO NWs 0.6 13.1 6.8 <5 1000 [41] AgNWs/polyurethane/wool yarn 5 2 0.69 28 5000 [42] PET/ITO/polyvinyl alcohol nanowire/polypyrrole (PPy) 2.97 9 228.5 66.8 10000 [43] Sponge/CNTs 100 100 4015.8 120 5000 [44] 表 3 基于二维纳米材料的柔性压阻式压力传感器性能
Table 3. Performance of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors based on 2D materials
Material Minimum
detection/PaMaximum
detection/kPaMaximum
sensitivity/kPa−1Response time/ms Repeatability Ref. PET/MXene/polyacrylonitrile 1.5 7.7 104 30 10000 [20] PET/ITO/2D titanate 230 0.4 7.2×106 100 500 [31] PDMS/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) 16 2.6 25.1 120 3000 [45] PDMS/graphene 1.8 40 1875.53 0.5 15000 [46] PET/graphene — 200 10.39 11.6 1100 [47] PDMS/MXene 4.4 15 151.4 125 20000 [48] Cotton fabric/MXene 225 160 5.3 50 1000 [49] PDMS/MXene 17 800 1104.38 100 3000 [50] Tissue papers/MoSe2 1 100 18.42 110 200 [51] Paper/SnSe2 — 100 1.79 — 5000 [52] PDMS/Au/Au/SnSe2 0.82 38.4 433.22 0.09 >4000 [53] 表 4 基于复合纳米材料的柔性压阻式压力传感器性能
Table 4. Performance of flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors based on composite nanomaterials
Material Minimum
detection/PaMaximum
detection/kPaMaximum
sensitivity/kPa−1Response time/ms Repeatability Ref. rGO-CB/sponge 100 2 1.89 420 5000 [28] CNTs/rGO-cellulose nanofibers carbon aerogel 0.875 5 22.05 — 2000 [29] rGO-AgNWs/cotton 100 20 4.23 200 — [30] PDMS/carbon fibers/CNPs 20 600 26.6 40 5000 [56] PET/Au/MXene/MOFs 3.5 100 110.0 15 13000 [57] Sponge/CNTs/AgNPs 2240 61.81 9.08 — 2000 [58] MXene/cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/foam 4 20.55 649.3 123 10000 [59] AgNWs/graphene/nanofibers 3.7 75 134 <20 8000 [60] Nanofiber/graphene/aerogel <3 14 28.62 37 2600 [61] PET/AgNWs/ZnO NPs — 75 3.32×103 120 2000 [62] Cotton/AgNWs/rGO 0.125 5 5.8 29.5 10000 [63] Textile/rGO/polyaniline nanorod 0.5 40 97.28 30 11000 [64] PDMS/liquid metal (gallium)/graphene 17.1 3.4 476 410 10000 [65] CB/CNF/thermoplastic polyurethane/styrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene — 200 0.0316 500 >1000 [66] -
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