阻燃离子液体制备与应用研究进展

杨英; 王兴龙; 申纯宇; 李翠利; 汤建伟; 刘咏; 刘鹏飞; 丁俊祥; 申博; 王保明

阻燃离子液体制备与应用研究进展

杨英¹,
王兴龙¹,
申纯宇¹,
李翠利²,
汤建伟^{1, 3, 4},
刘咏^{2, 3},
刘鹏飞^{1, 3, 4},
丁俊祥^{1, 3, 4},
申博^{1, 3, 4},
王保明^{1, 3, 4, ,}

1.
郑州大学　生态与环境学院, 河南郑州 450001
2.
郑州大学　化工学院, 河南郑州 450001
3.
国家钙镁磷复合肥技术研究推广中心, 河南郑州 450001
4.
河南省减污降碳协同工程技术研究中心, 河南郑州 450001

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金面上项目(22278381)；河南省重点研发专项项目(231111320502)；郑州大学青年骨干教师培养计划项目(2021ZDGGJS015)

详细信息

通讯作者:
王保明，博士，副教授，博士生导师，研究方向为结晶过程与功能材料制备　E-mail:ziqiangdere@126.com

中图分类号: O6-1; TB332
计量
- 文章访问数: 82
- HTML全文浏览量: 33
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-05-31
- 修回日期: 2024-07-05
- 录用日期: 2024-07-20
- 网络出版日期: 2024-08-03

Research progress in the preparation and application of flame retardant ionic liquids

YANG Ying¹,
WANG Xinglong¹,
SHEN Chunyu¹,
LI Cuili²,
TANG Jianwei^{1, 3, 4},
LIU Yong^{2, 3},
LIU Pengfei^{1, 3, 4},
DING Junxiang^{1, 3, 4},
SHEN Bo^{1, 3, 4},
WANG Baoming^{1, 3, 4
, ,}

1.
School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
2.
School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Henan 450001, China
3.
National Center for Research & Popularization on Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphate and Compound Fertilizer Technology, Henan 450001, China
4.
Research Centre of Engineering and Technology for Synergetic Control of Environmental Pollution and Carbon Emissions of Henan Province,Henan 450001, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (22278381); Henan Province Key R&D Special Project (2311111320502); Zhengzhou University Youth Backbone Teacher Training Program Project (2021ZDGGJS015)

摘要

摘要: 随着高分子材料科学技术的发展，已被广泛应用的塑料、橡胶等高分子材料因其阻燃性能差，容易引发火灾而受到越来越多的关注。阻燃材料具有耐高温、减少燃烧物产生、降低火焰传播速度和烟雾量的特性，离子液体(Ionic Liquids, ILs)由于其高热稳定性和气相阻燃、抑制自由基等反应能力，具有有效抑制火焰蔓延的特性，成为了新型的阻燃材料。因其阴阳离子的结构可调控性、环境友好性等特点，逐渐应用于阻燃领域。简要介绍了离子液体的种类，制备方法以及其阻燃机制，接着围绕离子液体在聚合物、纺织物与电子材料等各种高分子材料中的阻燃应用进行了详细介绍，最后对离子液体在阻燃应用方面的发展做出了展望。
- 离子液体 /
- 阻燃 /
- 制备 /
- 机制 /
- 高分子材料
Abstract: With the development of polymer materials science and technology, widely used polymer materials such as plastics and rubber have received increasing attention due to their poor flame retardant performance and susceptibility to fire. Flame retardant materials have the characteristics of high temperature resistance, reduced combustion generation, reduced flame propagation speed and smoke volume. Ionic liquids (ILs) have become a new type of flame retardant material due to their high thermal stability, gas-phase flame retardancy, and ability to suppress free radicals. Due to its controllable structure of anions and cations and environmental friendliness, it has gradually been applied in the field of flame retardancy. This article briefly introduces the types, preparation methods, and flame retardant mechanisms of ionic liquids. Then, a detailed introduction is given on the flame retardant applications of ionic liquids in various polymer materials such as polymers, textiles, and electronic materials. Finally, the development of ionic liquids in flame retardant applications is discussed.
- Ionic liquids /
- Flame retardant /
- Preparation /
- Mechanism /
- Polymer materials

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图 1 阻燃离子液体概况

Figure 1. Overview of flame retardant ionic liquids

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图 2 VE[DEP]的合成路线图^[21]

Figure 2. The synthesis roadmap of VE [DEP]^[21]

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图 3 SiMP 合成路线图^[22]

Figure 3. The synthesis roadmap of SiMP ^[22]

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图 4 阻燃机制示意图^[33]

Figure 4. Schematic diagram of flame retardant mechanism^[33]

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图 5 TPP-PF₆在EP复合材料中的阻燃机制^[35]

Figure 5. Flame retardant mechanism of TPP-PF₆ in EP composite materials^[35]

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图 6 PLA复合膜的制备流程示意图^[8]

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of PLA composite membrane preparation process ^[8]

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图 7 UL 94 测试 PVA 和 PL-20 的照片^[8]

Figure 7. Photos of UL 94 test PVA and PL-20^[8]

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图 8 EP和EP/[Dmim]Tos的放热率(a)总放热率(b)发烟率(c)和总发烟量(d)曲线^[40]

Figure 8. Heat release rate (a)total heat release (b) smoke production rate (c) and total smoke release (d) curves of EP and EP/[Dmim]Tos.^[40]

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图 9 棉花(a₁)，Cot/AEP/IL (b₁)和Cot/AEP/IL/Cu (c₁)的数码照片；棉花(a₂, a₃)，Cot/AEP/IL (b₂, b₃)和Cot/AEP/IL/Cu (c₂, c₃)的SEM图像；Cot/AEP/IL/Cu (d)的元素映射谱^[44]

Figure 9. The digital photos of Cotton (a₁), Cot/AEP/IL (b₁), and Cot/AEP/IL/Cu (c₁); SEM images of Cotton (a₂, a₃), Cot/AEP/IL (b₂, b₃), and Cot/AEP/IL/Cu (c₂, c₃); element mapping spectra of Cot/AEP/IL/Cu (d)^[44]

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图 10 (a) R-PU膜热分解后气产物的三维红外光谱;(b) FR-ILPU膜热分解后气体产物的三维红外光谱;(c) 膜在热降解过程中释放的总气体;(d) FR-ILPU分解后碳层表面位置A的SEM-EDX结果;(e) FR-ILPU分解后内碳层B位的SEM-EDX结果;(f) FR-ILPU膜阻燃机制示意图^[47]

Figure 10. (a) The 3 D-infrared spectra of gas products after the thermal decomposition of R–PU membrane; (b) The 3 D-infrared spectra of gas products after the thermal decomposition of FR-ILPU membrane; (c) The total gas release of membranes during the thermal degradation; (d) SEM-EDX result for position A in the surface of carbon layer after the decomposition of FR-ILPU; (e) SEM-EDX result for position B of the inner carbon layer after the decomposition of FR-ILPU; (f) Schematic diagram of the flame retardant mechanism of FR-ILPU membrane^[47]

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图 11 IIL-E在不同[Bmim]PF₆含量下的热稳定性^[48]

Figure 11. Thermal stability of IIL-E under different [Bmim]PF₆ contents^[48]

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图 12 (a) 阻燃聚氨酯/碳复合泡沫的制造。(b) IL催化PUF在水存在下形成的合理机制^[51]

Figure 12. (a) Fabrication of FR polyurethane/carbon composite foam. (b) Plausible mechanism of IL-catalyzed PUF formation in the presence of water^[51]

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图 13 FR/RL漆膜在马弗炉500℃燃烧1.5 h的表面(1)和截面(2)SEM图像^[52]

Figure 13. SEM images of the surface(1) and cross(2) section of FR/RL lacquer film burned at 500℃ for 1.5 h in muffle furnace^[52]

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表 1 阻燃离子液体类型

Table 1. Types of Flame retardant Ionic Liquids

Type	Chemical name	Structural formula	Application
Phosphates	L-Aspartic acid phosphate		Polyvinyl alcohol^[8]
Phosphates	1,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl phosphate		Cellulose^[9]
Silicon salts	1-Methylimidazole chloropropyl triethoxysilane		Cellulose fabric^[10]
Silicon salts	1-Pyridine chloropropyl triethoxysilane salt		Cellulose fabric^[10]
Borates	Tetrabutyl tetrafluoroborate phosphate salt		Polylactic acid^[11]
Borates	Octyltriphenylphosphine chelated orthoborate		Epoxy resin^[12]
Imidazole salts	1-Butyl-3-methylimidazole chloride salt		Cellulose^[13]
Imidazole salts	1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazole chloride		Polyurethane^[14]
Sulfonates	1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate		Polyamide 6^[15]
Sulfonates	1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate		Polyamide 6^[15]

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表 2 不同类型阻燃离子液体参数

Table 2. Parameters of Different Types of Flame retardant Ionic Liquids

Type	melting point	boiling point	Feature	Disadvantage
Phosphates	>150°C	<200°C	High thermal stability, strong solubility, and wide liquid phase range	May contain highly toxic phosphorus elements, resulting in higher preparation costs
Silicon salts	>200°C	<300°C	Low melting point, good electrochemical stability	Has high viscosity, which is not conducive to fluidity and mixing.
Borates	>200°C	<250°C	Has strong acidity or alkalinity, good solubility	May be too acidic or alkaline
Imidazole salts	<25°C	Around 200°C	Has high thermal stability and good solubility	May have certain toxicity to organisms and high preparation cost
Sulfonates	>200°C	<300°C	Has high conductivity and good solubility	The high solubility in water may lead to some electrolyte loss issues

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表 3 阻燃离子液体在聚合物上的应用

Table 3. Application of flame retardant ionic liquids on polymers

Ionic liquid	Polymer matrix	Ionic liquid composite method	Ionic liquid addition amount	Flame retardant effect parameters (LOI)	Flame retardant mechanism	Reference
L-Aspartic acid phosphate	Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)	Graft	20 wt%	30.1%	The main consumption effect	[8]
1-(3-Triethoxysilylpropyl)-3-methylimidazolium Chloride	High density polyethylene(HDPE)	Blending	1 wt%	27.6%	The main carbonization effect	[38]
1-ethyl-3-(diethoxyphosphoryl)-propylimidazolium bromide	Polyurethane elastomer(IFR/TPU)	Blending	10 wt%	30.1%	The main carbonization effect	[39]
1-methyl-3-((6-oxidodibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)methyl)-1 H-imidazol-3-ium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate	Epoxy resin(EP)	Blending	4 wt%	32.5%	The main consumption effect	[40]
1-methylimidazole - 3-bromopropylamine hydrobromide	Epoxy resin(EP)	Blending	3 wt%	29.8%	The main consumption effect	[41]

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表 4 阻燃离子液体在纺织品上的应用

Table 4. Application of flame retardant ionic liquids in textiles

Ionic liquid	Polymer matrix	Ionic liquid composite method	Ionic liquid addition amount	Flame retardant effect parameters (LOI)	Flame retardant mechanism	Reference
Hexafluorophosphate N-Hexylpyridinium	Polyacrylate PA, polyurethane PU, and latex	Blending	2 wt%	29.3%	The main carbonization effect	[43]
1-aminopropyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate	Cotton fabric	Graft	5 wt%	28.5%	The main carbonization effect	[44]
1,3-dimethylimidazolium methylphosphonate 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylphosphonate	Cellulose	Graft	5 wt%	32.5%	The main carbonization effect	[9]

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表 5 阻燃离子液体在电子材料上的应用

Table 5. Application of flame retardant ionic liquids in electronic materials

Ionic liquid	Polymer matrix	Ionic liquid composite method	Ionic liquid addition amount	Flame retardant effect parameters (LOI)	Flame retardant mechanism	Reference
N-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate diethylene glycol ether	Polyurethane PU	Graft	15 wt%	32.3%	The main consumption effect	[47]
1-butyl-3-menthylimidazolium-hexafluorophosphate	Commercial organic electrolytes	Blending	5 wt%	30.2%	The main consumption effect	[48]
POSS-Imidazoli ionic liquids	Polyionic liquid	Copolymerization	2 wt%	33.5%	The main consumption effect	[49]

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表 6 阻燃离子液体在其他材料上的应用

Table 6. Application of flame retardant ionic liquids on other materials

Ionic liquid	Polymer matrix	Ionic liquid composite method	Ionic liquid addition amount	Flame retardant effect parameters (LOI)	Flame retardant mechanism	Reference
1-Butyl-3 methylimidazole hexasodium fluorophosphate	Epoxy resin(EP)	Graft	15 wt%	37%	The main carbonization effect	[50]
1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate	Polyurethane foam(PUF)	Blending	4.9 wt%	30.4%	The main carbonization effect	[51]
tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate	Raw lacquer	Blending	10 wt%	28.6%	The main consumption effect	[52]

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