Water absorption characteristics of CFRP using in vehicles in acidic environments
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摘要: 碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)作为一种新型材料广泛运用于车辆轻量化设计领域，然而，大量酸性物质的排放导致CFRP服役环境呈现酸性。开展了CFFR在酸环境中的吸湿试验，分析了单向铺层角度、结构尺寸和溶液pH值对CFRP吸湿特性的影响。研究表明，当纤维和基体总量一定时，纤维沿垂直长轴方向排列，基体含量会更多，其对吸湿的促进作用超过了纤维的屏障效应，增强了材料的吸湿行为，同时，界面相对CFRP吸湿过程的影响不可忽略；当材料的比表面积过大时，会产生边缘效应，导致沿厚度方向的酸热吸湿扩散系数大于长度和宽度方向，带来吸湿增强现象；强酸环境会导致更高的吸湿扩散系数和饱和吸湿率；同时发现CFRP在强酸环境中的老化会导致其拉伸强度增加和压缩强度下降。相关研究结果可用于指导真实服役环境下CFRP轻量化车身的设计和优化，以提升其在酸环境中的服役寿命。Abstract: Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) is a new material widely used in the field of vehicle lightweight design. However, the emission of a large amount of acid causes the CFRP operational environment to become acidic. The water absorption test of CFRP in an acid environment was carried out to analyze the effects of unidirectional ply angle, structural size, and solution pH on the water absorption characteristics of CFRP. The results showed that when the total amount of fibers and matrix is constant, arranging the fibers along the vertical long-axis direction increases the matrix content. This promotion of water absorption exceeds the barrier effect of the fibers, enhancing the material's water absorption behavior.It is also found that the influence of the interface on the water absorption process of CFRP cannot be ignored. When the specific surface area of the material is too large, it produces an edge effect, resulting in the acid-thermal water absorption diffusion coefficient along the thickness direction being greater than those in the length and width directions, leading to enhanced water absorption. A strongly acidic environment will lead to higher water absorption diffusion coefficients and saturated water absorption rate, It was also found that aging of CFRP in a strong acidic environment leads to an increase in tensile strength and a decrease in compressive strength. The results of this study can be used to guide the design and operational of CFRP bodies in real service environments to improve their service life in acidic environments.
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图 1 碳纤维增强聚合物(CFRP)制备工艺
Figure 1. Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) Preparation Process
图 7 不同铺层CFRP的酸热吸湿示意
Figure 7. Diagram of acid-thermal water absorption for different CFRP lay-ups
图 9 pH=2.0与pH=4.5 CFRP酸热吸湿模型
Figure 9. Acid-thermal water absorption models of CFRP at pH=2.0 and pH=4.5
图 10 Langmuir模型与菲克模型吸湿误差棒图
Figure 10. Error bar chart of water absorption for Langmuir model and Fick's model
图 11 老化后的CFRP力学性能随吸湿率变化曲线
Figure 11. Curve of mechanical properties of aged CFRP with water absorption rate
表 1 碳纤维材料与环氧树脂材料属性
Table 1. Properties of carbon fibre and epoxy resin materials
Material parameters TTP-15000-BII31 12K CFRP YPS-08A/B Epoxy resin Tensile strength/MPa 4440 96 Elongation at break/% 1.660 50 Densities/g/cm3 1.780 1.380 Sizing agent content/% 1.300 / Tensile modulus of elasticity/GPa 253.370 4 
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表 2 CFRP结构尺寸
Table 2. Structural sizes of CFRP
Length /mm Width /mm Thickness /mm 0°Laminate 250 12.500 1 90°Laminate 170 25 2 0°Tube 29 10 10 90°Tube 29 10 10
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表 3 吸湿率及其变异系数
Table 3. Water absorption rate and CV
0°Laminate 90°Laminate 0°Tube 90°Tube Duration/s0.5 Mean/% CV/% Mean/% CV/% Mean/% CV/% Mean/% CV/% 168 0.013 2.901 0.015 6.692 0.018 2.820 0.040 2.730 336 0.041 0.943 0.015 4.417 0.028 1.771 0.061 2.037 504 0.055 0.705 0.017 2.568 0.030 1.620 0.061 2.037 672 0.066 0.589 0.017 2.478 0.030 1.620 0.063 2.511 840 0.074 0.739 0.017 2.405 0.030 1.626 0.063 2.511 1008 0.071 0.739 0.020 2.900 0.033 1.997 0.063 2.511 1176 0.074 0.583 0.023 3.074 0.035 1.399 0.066 2.126 1344 0.077 0.511 0.025 2.751 0.037 1.404 0.068 2.064 1512 0.077 0.511 0.033 2.142 0.042 1.571 0.070 2.005 1680 0.077 0.511 0.033 1.637 0.042 1.571 0.070 2.005 1848 0.077 0.511 0.033 1.637 0.044 1.138 0.070 2.005 2016 0.077 0.511 0.033 1.637 0.047 1.820 0.070 2.005 2184 0.078 0.504 0.036 1.964 0.047 1.820 0.073 1.924 2352 0.078 0.504 0.036 1.964 0.047 1.820 0.073 1.920
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表 4 力学参数及其变异系数
Table 4. Mechanical parameters and CV
0°Laminate 90°Laminate 0°Tube 90°Tube Duration/s0.5 Ty/MPa CV/% Tx/MPa CV/% Cy/MPa CV/% Cx/MPa CV/% 0 1139 3.800 30.800 3.100 294.520 2.500 91.250 1.400 1008 1696 3.500 31.200 1.500 297.070 1.700 91.180 1.100 2016 2076 2.800 25.200 1.800 210.830 0.270 81.160 1.220 2352 2208 1.700 33 3.400 176.810 1.740 60.020 1.330 Notes: Tx and Ty represent the transverse tensile strengthand and longitudinal tensile strength; Cx and Cy correspond to the transverse compressive strength and longitudinal compressive strength.
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表 5 三维菲克第二定律与混合律模型的扩散系数(mm2/h)
Table 5. Diffusion coefficients of the three-dimensional Fick’s second law and the rule of mixtures (mm2/h)
Dx Dy Dz D// D⊥ 0°Tube 1.813×10−3 1.522×10−2 1.810×10−3 0.965×10−8 0.681×10−11 90°Tube 8.890×10−2 1.056×10−2 1.057×10−2 0.876×10−8 0.781×10−10 Notes: Dx, Dy, and Dz represent the diffusion coefficients along the X, Y, and Z directions; D// and D⊥ represent the diffusion coefficients along the fiber direction and perpendicular to the fiber direction.
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表 6 三维菲克第二定律模型参数
Table 6. Parameters of the three-dimensional Fick's second law model
Dx/(mm2·h−1) Dy/(mm2·h−1) Dz/(mm2·h−1) p 0°Laminate 3.900×10−6 0.600×10−3 1.700×10−3 2.17 0°Tube 1.813×10−3 1.522×10−2 1.810×10−3 0.47 90°Laminate 9.730×10−10 6.220×10−9 1.070×10−3 1.1 90°Tube 8.890×10−2 1.056×10−2 1.057×10−2 0.47 Notes: p is the edge factor.
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表 7 菲克模型参数
Table 7. Fick's model parameters
Solution pH value Dx/(mm2·h−1) Dy/(mm2·h−1) Dz/(mm2·h−1) Me/% pH=2.0 3.900×10−6 0.600×10−3 1.700×10−3 0.081 pH=4.5 2.450×10−6 0.260×10−3 5.400×10−5 0.031 Notes: Me is the saturated water absorption rate.
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表 8 Langmuir模型参数
Table 8. Langmuir model parameters
Solution pH value r b Me/% pH=2.0 1.110 0.050 0.079 pH=4.5 0.900 0.030 0.026 Notes: r and b are both Langmuir constants, where b describes the water absorption strength, and r describes the diffusion rate.
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