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高强箍筋约束超高性能混凝土柱轴压性能

邓宗才, 姚军锁

邓宗才, 姚军锁. 高强箍筋约束超高性能混凝土柱轴压性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2020, 37(10): 2590-2601. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200203.002
引用本文: 邓宗才, 姚军锁. 高强箍筋约束超高性能混凝土柱轴压性能[J]. 复合材料学报, 2020, 37(10): 2590-2601. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200203.002
DENG Zongcai, YAO Junsuo. Axial compression behavior of ultra-high performance concrete columns confined by high-strength stirrups[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2020, 37(10): 2590-2601. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200203.002
Citation: DENG Zongcai, YAO Junsuo. Axial compression behavior of ultra-high performance concrete columns confined by high-strength stirrups[J]. Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica, 2020, 37(10): 2590-2601. DOI: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20200203.002

高强箍筋约束超高性能混凝土柱轴压性能

基金项目: 北京市教委科技重点项目 (KZ201810005008)
详细信息
    通讯作者:

    邓宗才,博士,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为超高性能混凝土及其结构 E-mail:dengzc@bjut.edu.cn

  • 中图分类号: TU375.3

Axial compression behavior of ultra-high performance concrete columns confined by high-strength stirrups

  • 摘要: 通过5根高强箍筋约束超高性能混凝土(Ultra high performance concrete,UHPC)柱及4根普通箍筋约束UHPC柱的轴心受压试验,对其承载力、破坏形态、钢筋应变及应力-应变曲线进行了研究,并结合延性、韧性指数分析了体积配箍率、箍筋强度、箍筋间距及形式对约束UHPC轴压性能的影响。结果表明:所有约束柱均表现为延性破坏,高强箍筋可减轻约束UHPC的破坏程度;高体积率、小间距、形式复杂的高强箍筋约束UHPC,约束效率高,承载力及变形能力提高显著,轴压性能较理想;体积配箍率对轴压性能的影响程度大于箍筋强度;影响体积配箍率变化的因素中,箍筋间距对改善约束性能的贡献最大,依次是箍筋形式和直径;高强箍筋可有效约束UHPC,在提高约束UHPC强度、变形性能及残余承载力方面明显优于普通箍筋;纵筋微曲会加速保护层剥离,密配高强箍筋能有效延迟纵筋屈曲,显著提高约束性能;纵筋微曲会削弱高强箍筋对核心UHPC的约束效果,建议采用高强纵筋与高强箍筋组合。在试验的基础上给出了能较准确预测箍筋约束UHPC柱承载力的计算式。
    Abstract: Based on the axial compression test of 5 ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) columns confined by high-strength stirrups and 4 UHPC columns confined by normal-strength stirrups, the bearing capacity, failure mode, steel strain and stress-strain curve for the confined UHPC columns were studied, and the influences of volume stirrup ratio, strength, spacing and configuration of stirrup on the axial compression behavior of confined UHPC were analyzed by combining ductility and toughness index. The results show that all the specimens have ductility damages, and the damage degree of UHPC columns confined by high-strength stirrups is lighter. The confined UHPC columns with high volume stirrup ratio, closely spaced, high-strength and complex ties configuration have good confinement efficiency, bearing capacity and deformation performance, which also leads to an ideal axial compression behavior. The effect of volume stirrup ratio on the axial compression behavior of specimens is greater than that of stirrup strength. Among the three factors affecting the volume stirrup ratio, such as spacing, configuration and diameter of stirrup, the stirrup spacing contributes most to the improvement of confinement performance, followed by the configuration and diameter of stirrup. The UHPC confined by high-strength stirrups presents better axial compression performance and residual bearing capacity than the normal-stirrups. The micro-bending of the longitudinal bars accelerates the cover spalling, while the high-strength stirrups with close space effectively delays the buckling of longitudinal bars, and significantly improves the overall performance of the confined UHPC. The micro-bending of longitudinal bars weakens the confine effect of the high-strength stirrups on the core UHPC, and the combination of high-strength longitudinal bars and stirrups is suggested. Based on the test data, the formulas to determine the bearing capacity of UHPC columns confined by stirrups are drawn.
  • 对处于侵蚀性环境的钢筋混凝土结构,由于钢材锈蚀导致的结构性能劣化乃至过早破坏是普遍面临的重要问题。为克服这一问题,部分学者提出采用轻质高强和耐腐蚀性能优越的纤维增强树脂复合材料(FRP)筋代替钢筋以解决钢筋锈蚀问题,进而提高混凝土结构的耐久性性能。目前,FRP筋已逐步应用于地铁、码头、桥梁等实际工程结构,具有广泛的应用前景[1-6]

    传统FRP筋主要通过拉挤成型工艺生产。FRP箍筋则是在树脂固化之前,将拉挤成型的圆形截面FRP筋,弯折成有箍肢搭接的箍圈。拉挤成型箍筋依靠搭接区域的箍肢与混凝土的粘结来传递拉应力。有试验表明,混凝土构件破坏时,传统拉挤成型FRP箍筋虽未断裂,但其搭接段发生了粘结滑移破坏[7-8]。与此同时,FRP筋弯折过程也会造成弯曲段内侧纤维蜷曲,受拉时外侧纤维先于内侧纤维受力造成应力集中,进而导致FRP箍筋弯曲段受拉强度降低。FRP箍筋弯曲段受拉强度仅为其平直段受拉强度的30%~60%[9-13]。FRP箍筋的弯曲段抗拉强度的降低,也导致FRP筋混凝土梁受剪时的常见破坏模式为FRP箍筋在弯曲段断裂[14-17]。若斜裂缝恰好经过FRP箍筋的弯曲段,则其受拉强度还可能进一步降低[18]。因此,为避免FRP箍筋的破坏,各国FRP筋混凝土结构设计规范也都有箍筋中的应力小于其弯曲段强度的规定[19-23]。这也意味着传统拉挤成型FRP箍筋,在结构达到承载力极限状态时应力水平较低,材料抗拉强度高的性能未得到充分利用。

    为克服拉挤成型FRP箍筋材料利用效率低的问题,Dong等[24]基于缠绕工艺提出了新型封闭缠绕式玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)箍筋。其生产工艺主要是将浸润树脂的连续GFRP逐层缠绕在旋转的钢模具上,固化脱模后形成管材;再将管材按照一定宽度切割得到新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋。新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋弯曲段的纤维蜷曲现象得到了显著缓解,故箍筋弯曲段强度显著提升;而且新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋连续封闭不存在搭接段,故也不会发生粘结滑移破坏。针对新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋约束混凝土柱的轴压试验表明:新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋对核心区混凝土约束作用较强,柱的延性得到显著提升,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋约束混凝土柱的极限受压应变是拉挤成型箍筋约束混凝土柱的3.42倍[25]

    目前,对新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土构件抗剪性能的研究还处于空白。故本文对新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土梁进行了三点加载试验,考察新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋受剪时的破坏模式和利用效率,明确箍筋形式、剪跨比、箍筋间距和纵筋配筋率等参数对配置新型FRP箍筋混凝土受剪性能的影响规律;并对已有规范中FRP筋混凝土构件抗剪承载力计算公式计算结果与试验进行了对比分析。

    共设计制作了14根截面高度为300 mm,宽度为150 mm的FRP筋混凝土梁。根据剪跨比和纵筋配筋率的不同,试件共分为3组(GC1、GC2和GC3)。GC1组包括4个配置新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的试件和1个设置传统拉挤成型箍筋的对比试件,试件剪跨比均约为2.1,纵筋配筋率为1.54%;GC2组共有4个配置新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的试件,剪跨比与GC1组试件保持一致,而纵筋配筋率为2.21%;GC3组共5个试件,其中4个试件采用新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋,1个对比试件配置拉挤成型箍筋,试件剪跨比均为2.9,纵筋配筋率与GC2组试件相同,为2.21%。在每组试件中,采用新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋试件的箍筋间距分别为75 mm、100 mm、125 mm和150 mm,配置拉挤成型箍筋的试件的箍筋间距为100 mm。试验所使用的新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋截面宽度为9 mm,截面厚度为3 mm。试验所使用的拉挤成型FRP箍筋的直径为8 mm,箍肢搭接位置位于角部。两种箍筋的内皮尺寸相同,均为宽100 mm,高234 mm,弯曲段的弯折半径为30 mm。试件详细工况见表1

    表  1  试验工况
    Table  1.  Test matrix
    SpecimenStirrups types/mmρ/%ρv/%λ
    GC1-P100Pultruded1001.540.672.1
    GC1-W75New type751.540.482.1
    GC1-W100New type1001.540.362.1
    GC1-W125New type1251.540.292.1
    GC1-W150New type1501.540.242.1
    GC2-W75New type752.210.482.1
    GC2-W100New type1002.210.362.1
    GC2-W125New type1252.210.292.1
    GC2-W150New type1502.210.242.1
    GC3-P100Pultruded1002.210.672.9
    GC3-W75New type752.210.482.9
    GC3-W100New type1002.210.362.9
    GC3-W125New type1252.210.292.9
    GC3-W150New type1502.210.242.9
    Notes: ρ—Longitudinal reinforcement ratio; ρv—Shear reinforcement ratio; λ—Shear-span ratio; GC—Glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) stirrups reinforced concrete beams; P—Pultruded GFRP stirrups; W—Closed winding stirrups; s—Stirrups spacing.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    三点试验的加载与测量装置如图1所示。跨中集中力采用600 kN千斤顶加载,跨中与支座处变形由位移计量测。每个试件的剪跨段选取4个箍筋(编号S1~S4)粘贴应变片,量测箍筋拉应变。加载方式采用力控制,试件开裂前10 kN一级,开裂后20 kN一级加载,直至破坏。

    图  1  试件截面与加载测量装置示意图
    Figure  1.  Schematic drawing of cross-sectional details, test set-up and instrumentation of beam test

    试验制作了直径为150 mm、高为300 mm的标准圆柱体试件,其轴心抗压强度平均值为42 MPa。试验所采用的GFRP纵筋与拉挤成型GFRP箍筋的纤维体积含量均约为60vol%。使用未经弯曲的直径为8 mm的拉挤成型纵筋,依据纤维增强复合材料筋基本力学性能试验方法(GB/T 30022—2013)[26]量测其平直段受拉性能,如图2(a)所示。将新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋切割后得到长度为174 mm的平直段,依据ASTM D3039/3039 M-00[27]规定的测试方法测试其受拉性能,如图2(b)所示。由于混凝土梁中所使用的箍筋尺寸较小,制作了内皮尺寸为250 mm×550 mm的新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋与拉挤成型箍筋测试其弯曲段抗拉强度。两类箍筋的弯曲段抗拉强度均依据ACI 440.3 R-12[28]建议的测试方法量测,如图2(c)所示。首先将FRP箍筋的弯曲段分别浇筑在两个分离的混凝土块体中;然后在两混凝土块体间放置千斤顶施加荷载,直至箍筋弯曲段断裂。实测得到的各类FRP筋材的力学性能见表2。可知,拉挤成型箍筋的弯曲段与平直段受拉强度之比仅为0.39,而新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋为0.81,新型封闭缠绕FRP箍筋的弯曲段强度显著提高。ACI 440.1 R-15[20]建议按照下式计算拉挤成型箍筋的弯曲段抗拉强度与平直段抗拉强度之比:

    ffbffu = 0.05rbdb + 0.3 (1)
    图  2  纤维增强树脂复合材料(FRP)筋材的材料性能测试
    Figure  2.  Material test of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement
    表  2  FRP筋材力学性能参数
    Table  2.  Mechanical properties of FRP reinforcements
    MaterialGFRP barPultruded stirrupsNew type stirrups
    d/mm or w×t/mm21689×3
    A/mm22015027
    E/MPa47.250.255.0
    ffu/MPa88910591096
    εfu/%1.882.121.99
    ffb/MPa415892
    ffb/ffu0.390.81
    Notes: d—Diameter of pultruded GFRP bar or stirrups; w and t—Width and thickness of new type stirrups; A—Cross-sectional area of reinforcement; E—Elastic modulus; ffu—Tensile strength of the straight portion of reinforcements; εfu—Ultimate strain at the straight portion; ffb—Bend corner strength of stirrups.
    下载: 导出CSV 
    | 显示表格

    其中:ffb为箍筋弯曲段受拉强度;ffu为箍筋平直段受拉强度;rb为箍筋的弯曲段半径;db为箍筋直径。依据上式计算的拉挤成型箍筋弯曲段受拉强度与平直段受拉强度之比为0.48,是试验值的1.23倍。

    图3以试件GC1-W75、GC2-W75与GC3-W75为例,给出了各组试件的典型裂缝开展过程。剪跨比为2.1的GC1和GC2组试件的裂缝发展过程基本相同。加载初期,梁跨中区域首先出现竖向弯曲裂缝;随着荷载的增加,剪跨段约梁高1/3处出现腹剪斜裂缝,并逐步向梁底支座处与梁顶加载点处延伸;诸条斜裂缝中的一条最终形成临界斜裂缝,其形态近似为直线。剪跨比为2.9的GC3组试件,在跨中区域产生弯曲裂缝之后,剪跨段内随之产生弯曲裂缝并继续向上发展,到达约梁高度1/3时倾斜发展形成弯剪裂缝;斜裂缝进入梁受压区后裂缝倾斜角度减小,最终破坏时形成近似双折线形的临界斜裂缝。

    图  3  试件GC1-W75 (a)、GC2-W75 (b) 与GC3-W75 (c) 的裂缝开展过程
    Figure  3.  Crack propagation process of specimen GC1-W75 (a), GC2-W75 (b) and GC3-W75 (c)

    图4给出了各试件的破坏模式。剪跨比为2.1的GC1和GC2组试件最终均表现为剪压破坏模式。GC1组试件中,除箍筋间距较小的GC1-W75试件的新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋在与斜裂缝相交处发生了断裂,同时伴有混凝土保护层的碎裂与剥落,其他试件的箍筋均保持完好。GC2组试件由于纵筋配筋率的增加,GC2-W75和GC2-W100试件都发生了箍筋的断裂,GC2-W125的箍筋也发生了纤维间的劈裂;同时混凝土剥落的面积也比GC1组更大;仅箍筋间距较大的GC2-W150试件的箍筋保持完好。

    剪跨比为2.9的GC3组试件中,GC3-W100发生了弯曲破坏,破坏时加载点附近的梁顶混凝土被压碎脱落,箍筋完好,但其临界斜裂缝较宽;而配置拉挤成型箍筋的GC3-P100试件为斜拉破坏,同时由于拉挤成型箍筋搭接区段发生了滑移,箍筋中的应力较低,试件破坏后箍筋保持完好。随着箍筋间距的增加,GC3-W125与GC3-W150试件发生斜拉破坏,破坏时临界斜裂缝顶端突然向梁顶发展,整条裂缝突然张开,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋也发生断裂。然而,箍筋间距最小的GC3-W75试件却也发生了由箍筋断裂引起的斜拉破坏;这是由于间距为75 mm时新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的净距仅为66 mm,此时箍筋对核心区混凝土可以提供一定的约束作用,提高了受压区混凝土的极限压应变,延缓了梁顶混凝土的压碎,增强了梁的抗弯承载力,因此梁最终由于箍筋的断裂而发生斜拉破坏。

    图  4  GFRP筋混凝土梁的破坏模式
    Figure  4.  Failure mode of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP reinforcement
    S1, S2, S3, S4—Stirrups with strain gauges attached

    试验还发现,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的断裂均发生在箍肢与斜裂缝相交的平直段处,而拉挤成型FRP箍筋的断裂主要发生在弯曲段。这表明,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋在提高弯曲段受拉强度的同时改变了箍筋断裂位置,其受拉强度利用效率得到了显著提升。

    各组试件的剪力-位移曲线如图5所示;试件的开裂后刚度、受剪承载力和对应的跨中位移等主要试验结果见表3

    当剪跨比和箍筋间距相同时,拉挤成型箍筋梁的配筋率虽较高,但是其受剪性能并不优于甚至低于配箍率较低的新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土梁。如GC1-P100的配箍率约为GC1-W100的1.8倍,但GC1-P100的开裂后刚度略低于GC1-W100,二者的承载力也几乎相同;GC3-W100的开裂后刚度高于GC3-P100,且其受剪承载力也比后者高约16%。这是拉挤成型箍筋的搭接段发生了相对滑移,箍筋的强度并未得到充分利用所致。

    图  5  GFRP筋混凝土梁剪力-跨中位移曲线
    Figure  5.  Shear load-midspan deflection curves of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP reinforcement
    表  3  GFRP筋混凝土梁受剪试验结果
    Table  3.  Shear test result of GFRP reinforced concrete beams
    BeamVu/kNΔp/mmΔu/mmKs/(kN·mm−1)εmax/%εavg/%εavg/εfuStirrups ruptured
    or not
    GC1-P100139.610.2811.7526.81.010.600.28No
    GC1-W75151.413.0213.0233.81.360.940.47Yes
    GC1-W100140.610.2510.2530.30.950.730.37No
    GC1-W125131.69.519.5128.80.890.670.34No
    GC1-W150135.710.8210.8230.81.110.620.31No
    GC2-W75168.415.9315.9346.41.541.230.62Yes
    GC2-W100137.48.4210.3145.8Yes
    GC2-W125139.98.1713.0546.11.140.600.30No
    GC2-W150103.56.3910.5136.11.060.530.27No
    GC3-P100101.817.0817.0812.61.120.680.32No
    GC3-W75147.932.7832.7816.61.591.240.62Yes
    GC3-W100117.527.4627.4614.91.090.860.43No
    GC3-W125102.424.2324.2315.21.541.040.52Yes
    GC3-W15092.915.2815.2815.71.311.110.56Yes
    Notes: Vu—Shear capacity; Δp—Midspan deflection at peak load; Δu—Midspan deflection at final failure (for the specimens failed at peak load, Δu is equal to the Δp); Ks—Stiffness after shear cracking, which was calculated as the slope of the line connecting the two points with loads of 40 kN and 90 kN respectively; εmax—Maximal stirrups strain at ultimate; εavg—Average stirrups strain at ultimate; εfu—Ultimate strain. The strain gauges of GC2-W100 were damaged prior to the failure.
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    图5(a)图5(b)可知,当剪跨比相同时,GC1和GC2两组试件产生弯曲裂缝之后试件的刚度几乎没有退化,直至试件破坏。这是由于两组试件的剪跨比小于2.5,其传力机制以“拱机制”为主,混凝土对剪力的贡献较大,荷载可以直接通过混凝土压杆传递到支座处[29];试件的破坏由压杆顶部剪压区混凝土控制。当剪跨比增大到2.9时,GC3组试件的剪力-位移曲线近似为双折线,当试件的荷载增大至约90~110 kN,梁顶部的受压纵筋在与斜裂缝相交处断裂使荷载突然下降,随后荷载仍继续增大直至最终破坏。此时,荷载可以由简化为FRP筋拉杆与混凝土压杆组成的桁架模型传递[30],传力机制以“梁机制”为主;此时箍筋承担的剪力比例增大,混凝土承担的剪力显著减小[31];与GC1和GC2组试件相比,GC3组试件的受剪承载力、开裂后刚度均有所下降,跨中位移也显著增加。

    对于剪跨比为2.1的试件,箍筋间距为100 mm、125 mm与150 mm试件的受剪承载力均在130~140 kN之间,此时配箍率较低,箍筋对承载力的贡献较小。随着箍筋间距减小至75 mm,试件的受剪承载力有所提高,特别是纵筋配筋率较大的GC2组试件。如GC1-W75的承载力比GC-W100和GC-W150分别提高了8%和12%,GC2-W75的承载力比GC2-W100和GC2-W150分别提高了23%和63%。对于剪跨比为2.9的试件,受剪承载力随着箍筋间距的增加而明显降低;箍筋间距由75 mm,增加到100 mm、125 mm和150 mm时,试件的受剪承载力分别降低了21%、31%和37%。

    图5(a)图5(b)比较可知,在剪跨比相同时,由于GFRP筋的弹性模量较低,梁的抗剪承载力随纵筋配筋率增加的提高幅度不大,但GC2组梁的峰值位移有所减小,同时延性有较明显改善。GC1组试件在剪力到达峰值后试件随即破坏,承载力急剧下降;而GC2组试件在剪力达到峰值后,位移仍持续增大并表现出水平段或较缓的下降段。表3中列出了GC2组试件在最终破坏时的极限位移,比峰值点位移增大了约2~4 mm。GC2-W100与GC2-W125的极限位移甚至超过了GC1组试件的峰值位移。在位移显著增大的过程中,临界斜裂缝也快速变宽,造成了试件GC2-W100与试件GC2-W125箍筋的断裂与损伤。

    箍筋的应变响应可以真实反映加载过程中箍筋所受拉力的大小,以试件GC2-W75为例给出试件的典型剪力-箍筋应变曲线,如图6所示。可知,加载初期箍筋应变几乎为零,直到斜裂缝出现之后,箍筋才受拉力作用产生应变。随着斜裂缝的开展变宽,箍筋应变也逐步增长直到试件最终破坏;箍筋的应变大小与斜裂缝的相对位置有关,距离斜裂缝越近,应变片测得的箍筋应变越大。表3中总结了在承载力极限状态下各个试件的最大箍筋应变与平均应变,其中平均应变是试件中所有粘贴有应变片的箍筋的应变平均值。可知箍筋的平均应变约为最大应变的50%~85%;当剪跨比与箍筋间距相同时,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的平均应变比拉挤成型箍筋的平均应变大20%以上,如试件GC1-W100的平均应变比GC1-P100大22%,GC3-W100的平均应变比GC3-P100大26%。图7所示为试件GC1-P100与GC1-W100的箍筋应变-跨中位移关系曲线,可得到相同规律;同时还可以发现,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋应变在整个加载过程始终增大,而配置拉挤成型箍筋的GC1-P100试件在跨中位移达到约9.5 mm后箍筋应变停止增长,表明拉挤成型箍筋的搭接段发生了滑移。

    图  6  GC2-W75的剪力-箍筋应变曲线
    Figure  6.  Shear load-stirrups strain curve of GC2-W75
    图  7  GC1-W100与GC1-P100中S2与S3位置的箍筋应变-跨中位移关系曲线
    Figure  7.  Stirrups strain-midspan deflection curves at the location S2 and S3 of GC1-W100 and GC1-P100

    各组试件新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋平均应变与箍筋间距关系如图8所示。可知,剪跨比为2.1时,箍筋平均应变随箍筋间距的增加基本呈整体降低的趋势,箍筋间距大于125 mm后,箍筋应变降低趋势变缓;这是由于在“拱机制”下剪力主要由混凝土斜压杆承担,当箍筋间距较小时,箍筋对混凝土压杆的约束作用较强所致。钢筋混凝土梁受剪试验研究[31-32]的相关结果表明,当剪跨比小于2.5时,箍筋能够提高混凝土承担的剪力,但自身承担的剪力较小;当剪跨比大于2.5时箍筋所承担的剪力会显著提高。本试验中剪跨比为2.9的试件在“梁机制”作用下箍筋承担的剪力更大,故其箍筋平均应变比剪跨比为2.1的试件更大。与小剪跨比试件不同的是,当箍筋间距从100 mm增加到150 mm时,箍筋平均应变反而呈增大的趋势,Ali等[33]的FRP筋混凝土梁受剪试验也发现了相似的规律。这是由于当箍筋间距较小时,穿过斜裂缝的箍筋数量增多,故箍筋应变平均值随之减小,同时由于试件GC3-W100发生了弯曲破坏,因此其箍筋应变也较小。

    图  8  GFRP筋混凝土梁平均箍筋应变与箍筋间距关系
    Figure  8.  Average stirrups strain-stirrups spacing relationship of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP reinforcement

    为比较箍筋对材料强度的利用程度,定义FRP箍筋的材料利用效率为承载力极限状态下箍筋平均应变与平直段极限受拉应变的比值。各个试件的箍筋材料利用效率如图9所示。可知,箍筋利用效率与平均应变的变化规律一致,整体随箍筋间距的增加而降低;剪跨比为2.1时,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的材料利用效率为30%~62%(试件GC2-W150因缺陷导致稍小),剪跨比为2.9时利用率为43%~62%;箍筋间距相同时,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的利用率达到拉挤成型箍筋的1.3倍以上,如试件GC1-W100和GC1-P100的箍筋利用率分别为37%和28%,GC3-W100和GC3-P100的箍筋利用率分别为43%和32%。

    图  9  各GFRP筋混凝土梁试件箍筋的材料利用效率
    Figure  9.  Effectiveness of FRP utilization of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP reinforcement
    *—Beams with pultruded stirrups

    中国(GB 50608—2020)[19]、美国(ACI 440.1 R-15)[20]、加拿大(CSA S806-12)[21]、英国(BISE—1999)[22]与日本(JSCE—1997)[23]的FRP结构设计规范对FRP筋混凝土构件的受剪承载力V均考虑了混凝土和FRP箍筋两部分,均采用以下公式形式:

    V=Vc+Vf (2)

    其中:Vc为混凝土承担的剪力;Vf为FRP箍筋承担的剪力;VcVf详细计算公式汇总于表4

    表  4  规范中的FRP筋混凝土梁受剪承载力计算公式
    Table  4.  Code formula for calculating the shear capacity of FRP reinforced concrete beams
    Design codeConcrete contributionShear reinforcement contribution
    GB 50608—2020[19]Vc=0.86ftbc
    c=kh0
    k=2ρfαE+(ρfαE)2ρfαE
    ρf=Af/bh0
    Vf=Afvffvh0s
    ffv=min
    ACI 440.1 R-15[20]{V_{\text{c} } } = \dfrac{2}{5}\sqrt { { {f}_{\rm{c}}'} } bk{h_{\text{0} } }
    k = \sqrt {2{\rho _{\text{f}}}{\alpha _{\text{E}}} + {{\left( {{\rho _{\text{f}}}{\alpha _{\text{E}}}} \right)}^2}} - {\rho _{\text{f}}}{\alpha _{\text{E}}}
    {V_{\text{f} } } = \dfrac{ { {A_{ {\text{fv} } } }{f_{ {\text{fv} } } }{h_{\text{0} } } }}{s}
    {f_{ {\text{fv} } } } = \min \left( {0.004{E_{ {\text{fv} } } },(0.05\dfrac{ { {r_{\text{b} } } }}{ { {d_{\text{b} } } }} + 0.3){f_{ {\text{fu} } } }} \right)
    CSA S806-12[21] {V_{\text{c}}} = 0.05{k_{\text{m}}}{k_{\text{r}}}{k_{\text{a}}}{k_{\text{s}}}{\left( {{{f}_{\rm{c}}'}} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}}b{h_{\text{0}}}
    0.11\sqrt {{{f}_{\rm{c}}'}} b{h_{\text{v}}} \leqslant {V_{\text{f}}} \leqslant 0.22\sqrt {{{f}_{\rm{c}}'}} b{h_{\text{v}}}
    {k_{\text{m} } } = \sqrt {\dfrac{ { { {\text{V} } }{h_{\text{0} } } }}{ { {M } } } } \leqslant 1.0
    {k_{\text{r}}} = 1 + {\left( {{E_{\text{f}}}{\rho _{\text{f}}}} \right)^{\frac{1}{3}}}
    {k_{\text{a} } } = \dfrac{ {2.5{V }h_0} }{ { {M } }} \leqslant 2.5
    {k_{\text{s} } } = \dfrac{ {750} }{ {450 + {h_{ {\text{0} } } } } } \leqslant 1.0
    {V } = \dfrac{ { {A_{ {\text{fv} } } }{f_{ {\text{fv} } } }{h_{\text{v} } }\cot \theta } }{s}
    \theta = 30 + 7000{\varepsilon _x}
    {\varepsilon _x} = \dfrac{ {M/{{h_0} } + V} }{ {2{E_{\text{f} } }{A_{\text{f} } } }}
    {h_{\text{v}}} = \min \left( {0.9{h_0},0.72 h} \right)
    {f_{{\text{fv}}}} = \min \left( {0.005{E_{{\text{fv}}}},0.4{f_{{\text{fu}}}},1\;200\;{\text{MPa}}} \right)
    BISE—1999[22]{V_{\text{c} } } = 0.79{\left( {100{\rho _{\text{f} } }\dfrac{ { {E_{\text{f} } } }}{ { {E_{\text{s} } } } } } \right)^{\frac{1}{3} } }{\left( {\dfrac{ {400} }{ { {h_0} } } } \right)^{\frac{1}{4} } }{\left( {\dfrac{ {1.25{f_{\text{c} }' } } }{ {25} } } \right)^{\frac{1}{3} } }b h_0{V_{\text{f} } } = \dfrac{ {0.0025{A_{ {\text{fv} } } }{E_{ {\text{fv} } } }{h_0} } }{s}
    JSCE—1997[23] {V_{\text{c}}} = {\beta _{\text{d}}}{\beta _{\text{p}}}{{{f}}_{{\rm{vcd}}}}b{h_{\text{0}}}
    {\beta _{\text{d} } } = {\left( {\dfrac{ {1000} }{ { {h_0} } } } \right)^{\frac{1}{4} } } \leqslant 1.5
    {\beta _{\text{p} } }{\text{ = } }{\left( {1000 \times \dfrac{ { {\rho _{\text{f} } }{E_{\text{f} } } }}{ { {E_{\text{s} } } } } } \right)^{\frac{1}{3} } } \leqslant 1.5
    f_{\mathrm{vcd} }=0.2 f_{c}^{\prime \frac{1}{3} } \leqslant 0.72 \mathrm{~N} / \mathrm{mm}^{2}
    {V_{\text{f} } } = \dfrac{ { {A_{ {\text{fv} } } }{E_{ {\text{fv} } } }{\varepsilon _{\text{f} } }_{\text{v} }z} }{s}
    z{\text{ = }}{h_0}/1.15
    {\varepsilon _{\text{f} } }_{\text{v} } = \sqrt { { {\left( {\dfrac{h}{ {0.3} } } \right)}^{ - \frac{1}{ {10} } } }{f_{\text{c} }' } \dfrac{ { {\rho _{\text{f} } }{E_{\text{f} } } }}{ { {\rho _{ {\text{fv} } } }{E_{ {\text{fv} } } } } } } \times {10^{ - 4} }
    Notes: ft—Tensile strength of concrete; b—Width of concrete beam; h—Depth of the beam; h0—Distance from compression fiber to the centroid of tension reinforcement; k—Ratio of depth of neutral axis to reinforcement depth; {\alpha _{\text{E}}}—Ratio of modulus of elasticity of FRP bars to modulus of elasticity of concrete; Af, Ef and {\rho _{\text{f}}} —The area, the modulus of elasticity and the reinforcement ratio of longitudinal bars; Afv, Efv, ffv and {\rho _{\text{f}}}_{\text{v}} —The area, the modulus of elasticity, the stress of FRP and the reinforcement ratio shear reinforcement; rb and db—Radius of the bend corner and the bar diameter of the pultruded stirrups; {f'_{\text{c}}} —Cylinder compressive strength of concrete; ka—Coefficient taking into account the effect of arch action; ks—Coefficient taking into account the effect of member size; km—Coefficient taking into account the effect of the moment at section; \theta —Angle between the diagonal shear crack and the horizontal axis; {\varepsilon _x} —Longitudinal strain at mid-depth of the section; Es—Modulus of elasticity of steel; s—Spacing of stirrups; M—Moment acting on the beam; V—Shear force acting on the beam; Vc—Shear force resisted by concrete; Vf—Shear force resisted by stirrups; ffu—Tensile strength of the straight portion of stirrups.
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    比较各国规范公式发现,五国规范中Vc的计算公式都考虑了纵筋配筋率的影响,加拿大规范还考虑了剪跨比小于2.5情况下“拱机制”的影响。中国、美国、英国与日本规范的Vf计算公式中暗含了混凝土斜裂缝倾角为45°的假设,而加拿大规范基于简化的修正斜压场理论计算了斜裂缝倾角[34],其计算过程需要迭代。各国规范都提出了箍筋应变限值,中美规范限制箍筋应变小于0.4%,加拿大规范限制箍筋应变小于0.5%,英国规范限制箍筋应变小于0.25%,日本规范则提出了箍筋应变的计算公式。此外,中国、美国与加拿大三国规范都限制FRP箍筋的应力小于其弯曲段强度。

    采用各规范公式基于材料实测强度平均值对本文试件受剪承载力进行了计算,结果见表5。中美规范对FRP筋混凝土梁受剪承载力的计算结果基本相同,对新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土梁受剪承载力的预测值平均仅为试验值的30%~45%,加拿大规范的预测值也仅为试验值的40%~60%,英国规范的预测值为试验值的约30%~50%,日本规范的预测值为试验值的约40%~65%。对于配置拉挤成型箍筋的试件,中美两国规范的预测值约为试验值的50%~75%,加拿大规范预测值约为试验值的60%~80%,英国规范预测值约为试验值的45%~65%,日本规范预测值约为试验值的45%~60%。表明五国规范均低估了FRP筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力,特别是对配置新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的混凝土梁;同时,剪跨比越小,规范预测值与试验值的差别越大,说明各国的规范未充分考虑“拱机制”对于受剪承载力的提高作用。

    表  5  不同规范对FRP筋混凝土梁受剪承载力预测结果
    Table  5.  Different code predictions of the shear capacity for FRP reinforced concrete beams
    Experi-mental resultsGB 50608—2020ACI 440.1 R-15CSA S806-12BISE—1999JSCE—1997
    BeamVu/kNVpre/kNVpre/VuVpre, m/kNVpre,m/VuVpre/kNVpre/VuVpre,m/kNVpre,m/VuVpre/kNVpre/VuVpre,m/kNVpre,m/VuVpre/kNVpre/VuVpre,m/kNVpre,m/VuVpre/kNVpre/VuVpre,mVpre,m/Vu
    GC1-P100 139.6 72.0 0.52 72.0 0.52 84.7 0.61 62.9 0.45 63.1 0.45
    GC1-W75 151.4 57.1 0.38 162.6 1.07 57.1 0.38 162.5 1.07 68.0 0.45 114.4 0.76 53.7 0.35 170.6 1.13 60.5 0.40 176.5 1.17
    GC1-W100 140.6 47.5 0.34 126.7 0.90 47.5 0.34 126.6 0.90 62.7 0.45 95.8 0.68 47.7 0.34 135.4 0.96 59.6 0.42 145.8 1.04
    GC1-W125 131.6 41.8 0.32 105.1 0.80 41.8 0.32 105.0 0.80 59.2 0.45 84.6 0.64 44.1 0.33 114.2 0.87 59.0 0.45 127.5 0.97
    GC1-W150 135.7 38.0 0.28 90.7 0.67 38.0 0.28 90.7 0.67 56.3 0.41 77.1 0.57 41.7 0.31 100.1 0.74 58.6 0.43 115.2 0.85
    GC2-W75 168.4 60.3 0.36 165.8 0.98 60.3 0.36 165.7 0.98 80.4 0.48 118.9 0.71 57.4 0.34 174.3 1.03 61.7 0.37 176.5 1.05
    GC2-W100 137.4 50.7 0.37 129.8 0.94 50.7 0.37 129.7 0.94 73.0 0.53 103.3 0.75 51.4 0.37 139.1 1.01 60.7 0.44 145.8 1.06
    GC2-W125 139.9 44.9 0.32 108.3 0.77 44.9 0.32 108.2 0.77 68.2 0.49 95.7 0.68 47.8 0.34 117.9 0.84 60.0 0.43 127.5 0.91
    GC2-W150 103.5 41.1 0.40 93.9 0.91 41.1 0.40 93.8 0.91 64.8 0.63 89.7 0.87 45.4 0.44 103.8 1.00 59.5 0.57 115.2 1.11
    GC3-P100 101.8 75.2 0.74 75.2 0.74 80.3 0.79 66.7 0.65 61.6 0.61
    GC3-W75 147.9 60.3 0.41 165.8 1.12 60.3 0.41 165.7 1.12 70.8 0.48 112.1 0.76 57.4 0.39 174.3 1.18 61.7 0.42 176.5 1.19
    GC3-W100 117.5 50.7 0.43 129.8 1.10 50.7 0.43 129.7 1.10 64.4 0.55 93.4 0.79 51.4 0.44 139.1 1.18 60.7 0.52 145.8 1.24
    GC3-W125 102.4 44.9 0.44 108.3 1.06 44.9 0.44 108.2 1.06 59.8 0.58 82.8 0.81 47.8 0.47 117.9 1.15 60.0 0.59 127.5 1.24
    GC3-W150 92.9 41.1 0.44 93.9 1.01 41.1 0.44 93.8 1.01 56.6 0.61 78.5 0.84 45.4 0.49 103.8 1.12 59.5 0.64 115.2 1.24
    Notes: Vu—Shear capacity; Vpre—Predicted shear capacity by design codes; Vpre, m—Predicted shear capacity using the average stirrups strain of the ruptured stirrup.
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    规范公式计算结果远低于试验结果,与规范对箍筋应变的限值较小有关。已有关于FRP筋梁的受剪试验表明,GFRP箍筋产生的应变远大于规范中的限值,而碳纤维增强树脂复合材料(CFRP)箍筋的应变与规范限值更接近[35-36]。由前文可知,本文试验中发生断裂的箍筋的应变达到了规范限值的3.3~4.0倍,这也是各国规范对新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土梁受剪承载力预测结果误差较大的原因所在。试验中发生断裂的箍筋的最大应变平均值约为1.47%,若采用该值代替规范限值,则中美两国规范计算值约为试验值的95%,加拿大规范约为74%,英国规范计算值约为试验值的102%,日本规范计算值约为试验值的109%,计算结果与试验结果更接近,精度明显提高。因此,对于新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的断裂应变限值建议适当提高。

    (1) 新型封闭缠绕式玻璃纤维增强树脂复合材料(GFRP)箍筋的弯曲段强度与平直段受拉强度之比达到0.81,而拉挤成型箍筋仅为0.39,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的弯曲段强度显著提高。

    (2) 当剪跨比和箍筋间距相同时,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土梁表现出更高的开裂后刚度,其受剪承载力可以达到拉挤成型箍筋混凝土梁的1.16倍,新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的材料利用效率达到拉挤成型箍筋的1.3倍以上,而拉挤成型箍筋的搭接段发生了滑移。

    (3) 剪跨比与箍筋间距对试件的平均箍筋应变有显著影响。剪跨比为2.9的试件的箍筋应变显著大于剪跨比为2.1的试件;当箍筋间距为75 mm时,试件的平均箍筋应变显著增大。

    (4) 中国、美国、加拿大、英国和日本规范均显著低估了新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋混凝土梁的受剪承载力,各规范的受剪承载力预测值与试验值之比约为30%~65%;规范中的应变限值显著低于试验测得的箍筋应变,建议适当提高新型封闭缠绕式GFRP箍筋的断裂应变限值。

  • 图  1   箍筋约束超高性能混凝土(UHPC)柱设计详图及应变片布置

    Figure  1.   Design details and strain gage locations of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) columns confined by stirrups

    图  2   钢纤维和含纤维UHPC坍落扩展度

    Figure  2.   Steel fibers and UHPC slump with fibers

    图  3   钢筋拉伸试验应力-应变曲线

    Figure  3.   Tension test stress-strain curves of steel reinforcement

    图  4   箍筋约束UHPC柱轴压试验装置及测点布置

    Figure  4.   Test machine and measuring points of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    图  5   箍筋约束UHPC柱最终破坏情况

    Figure  5.   Final failure mode of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    图  6   实测箍筋约束UHPC柱荷载-应变全曲线

    Figure  6.   Axial load-strain curves of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    图  7   实测箍筋约束UHPC柱荷载-泊松比曲线

    Figure  7.   Load-poisson ratio curves of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    图  8   实测箍筋约束UHPC柱纵筋、箍筋的应力-应变曲线

    Figure  8.   Load-strain curves of longitudinal reinforcement and stirrups of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    图  9   箍筋约束UHPC柱延性(I10)、韧性指数(T)计算模型

    Figure  9.   Definitions of ductility (I10) and toughness (T) index of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    图  10   核心区约束UHPC应力-应变全曲线计算方法

    Figure  10.   Calculation method of stress-strain curve of confined core UHPC

    图  11   箍筋强度对约束UHPC应力-应变曲线的影响

    Figure  11.   Effect of tie strength on the stress-strain curve of confined core UHPC

    图  12   箍筋间距对约束UHPC应力-应变曲线的影响

    Figure  12.   Effect of tie spacing on the stress-strain curve of confined core UHPC

    图  13   箍筋形式对约束UHPC应力-应变曲线的影响

    Figure  13.   Effect of tie configure on the stress-strain curve of confined core UHPC

    图  14   ρv·fyv对约束UHPC应力-应变曲线的影响

    Figure  14.   Effect of ρv·fyv on the stress-strain curve of confined core UHPC

    图  15   体积配箍率ρv对约束UHPC应力-应变曲线的影响

    Figure  15.   Effect of volume stirrups ratio ρv on the stress-strain curve of confined core UHPC

    图  16   约束UHPC fcc/fc0-Ie关系曲线

    Figure  16.   Relationship between fcc/fc0 and Ie of confined core UHPC

    图  17   箍筋约束UHPC柱承载力计算值与试验值比值关系

    Figure  17.   Ratio of calculated value of bearing capacity to experimental value for UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    表  1   箍筋约束UHPC柱设计参数

    Table  1   Design parameters of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    Column IDfcu/MPaStirrup
    d/mms/mmρv/%fyv/MPaCF
    HTRB630/UHPC(R) 143.0 10 80 2.1 723.45 R
    HRB400/UHPC(R) 153.9 10 80 2.1 491.68 R
    HRB400/UHPC(L)-1 143.0 10 60 4.7 491.68 L
    HRB400/UHPC(L)-2 143.0 10 80 3.5 491.68 L
    HTRB630/UHPC(L)-1 153.9 10 60 4.7 723.45 L
    HTRB630/UHPC(L)-2 153.9 10 80 3.5 723.45 L
    HTRB630/UHPC(L)-3 153.9 8 80 2.2 701.57 L
    HTRB630/UHPC(C) 153.9 10 80 4.6 723.45 C
    HRB400/UHPC(C) 143.0 10 80 4.6 491.68 C
    P 143.0
    Notes: fcu—Average value of measured cube compressive strength; d and s—Diameter and spacing of stirrup respectively; ρv and fyv—Volume stirrup ratio and the yield strength of stirrup respectively; CF—Stirrups configuration; R—Rectangular stirrup; L—Diamond-shaped composite stirrup; C—Diamond-shaped cross composite stirrup; P—Unreinforced UHPC column (both longitudinal and stirrup are not equipped). Such as, HTRB630/UHPC(L)-1 represents the UHPC column confined by diamond-shaped composite (L) high-strength (HTRB630) stirrup, and "−1" is only numbered to distinguish the specimens of the same type of stirrup with different stirrup ratios.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2   UHPC配合比

    Table  2   Mix proportions of UHPC kg/m3

    WCMSFABFSSSSPSF
    180 500 150 150 200 1 200 20.5 145
    Notes: W—Water; C—Cement; MS—Microsilica; FA—Fly ash; BFS—Blast-furnace slag; SS—Silica sand; SP—Superplasticizer; SF—Steel fiber.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3   箍筋约束UHPC柱轴压试验结果

    Table  3   Axial compression test results of UHPC columns confined by stirrups

    Column IDFmax/
    kN
    εc/
    fc0/
    MPa
    εco/
    fcc/
    MPa
    εcc/
    ε85/
    ε60/
    εc/
    εco
    fcc/
    fc0
    εcc/
    εco
    ε85/
    εco
    ε60/
    εco
    TI10
    HTRB630/UHPC(C) 7 134 3.56 104.86 3.17 157.98 5.20 6.64 17.80 1.12 1.51 1.64 2.10 5.62 0.70 8.13
    HTRB630/UHPC(L)-1 7 322 3.98 104.86 3.17 170.22 5.38 6.25 20.94 1.26 1.62 1.70 1.97 6.61 0.73 8.36
    HTRB630/UHPC(L)-2 6 886 3.74 104.86 3.17 153.36 4.72 7.15 16.34 1.18 1.46 1.49 2.26 5.16 0.71 8.06
    HTRB630/UHPC(L)-3 6 281 3.48 104.86 3.17 129.35 3.56 3.95 12.98 1.10 1.23 1.12 1.25 4.10 0.60 7.01
    HTRB630/UHPC(R) 5 984 3.40 97.44 3.12 120.43 3.41 3.92 10.95 1.09 1.24 1.09 1.26 3.51 0.60 6.89
    HRB400/UHPC(C) 6 189 4.02 97.44 3.12 132.50 4.86 8.35 1.29 1.36 1.56 2.68 0.74 8.24
    HRB400/UHPC(L)-1 6 513 3.81 97.44 3.12 144.72 5.15 6.81 15.90 1.22 1.49 1.65 2.19 5.10 0.69 8.02
    HRB400/UHPC(L)-2 5 971 3.44 97.44 3.12 128.29 4.44 6.28 14.13 1.10 1.32 1.42 2.02 4.53 0.67 7.40
    HRB400/UHPC(R) 6 072 3.43 104.86 3.17 121.68 3.48 3.67 8.62 1.08 1.16 1.10 1.16 2.72 0.56 6.45
    P 5 310 2.51 100.37 2.51
    Notes: Fmax and εc—Peak load of the columns and its corresponding axial strain respectively; fc0 and εc0—Peak stress and strain of unconfined UHPC and the calculation formula of εc0 shown in the literature [17] respectively ; fcc and εcc—Peak stress and strain of confined UHPC respectively; ε85 and ε60—Corresponding strain when fcc decreases by 15% and 40% respectively; T and I10—Toughness index and ductility index respectively.
    下载: 导出CSV
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  • 期刊类型引用(4)

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    2. Lili Xing,Shengjiang Sun,Kuihua Mei,Yiping Guo,Zhenhong Yang. Research progress on short-term mechanical properties of FRP bars and FRP-reinforced concrete beams. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering(English Edition). 2024(02): 245-270 . 必应学术
    3. 江佳斐,吕佳豪,薛伟辰. FRP箍筋强度保留率分布模型与可靠性分析. 建筑材料学报. 2024(06): 496-502 . 百度学术
    4. 王锦辉,陆春华,冯晨阳,朱学武. 配FRP矩形箍混凝土梁的受剪承载力研究现状. 硅酸盐通报. 2024(08): 2726-2736 . 百度学术

    其他类型引用(5)

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  • 收稿日期:  2019-11-07
  • 录用日期:  2019-12-19
  • 网络出版日期:  2020-02-03
  • 刊出日期:  2020-10-14

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