Advance in investigation on mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics
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摘要: B4C-SiC复合陶瓷结合了碳化硼(B4C)和碳化硅(SiC)的性能,具有良好的物理和力学性能。与单相B4C陶瓷相比,B4C-SiC复合陶瓷具有更高的断裂韧性;与单相SiC陶瓷相比,B4C-SiC复合陶瓷具有更大的硬度。B4C-SiC复合陶瓷有望替代单相B4C陶瓷和单相SiC陶瓷广泛应用于工程领域。B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的力学性能与B4C-SiC复合粉体的颗粒分散均匀性有关。同时,B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的力学性能还受微观结构和相组成的影响。为了降低B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的烧结温度,常在原料中添加烧结助剂,常用的烧结助剂主要有:碳、氧化物、硼化物、碳化物、金属单质、非金属单质(除碳外)。不同烧结助剂促进B4C-SiC复合陶瓷烧结的机制各不相同;同时,这些烧结助剂通过影响B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的微观结构进而影响其力学性能。本文根据B4C-SiC复合陶瓷力学性能的研究结果,从B4C-SiC复合粉体、微观结构、相组成和烧结助剂等方面详细阐述了B4C-SiC复合陶瓷力学性能的影响因素,以期为B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的设计和研究提供依据。Abstract: B4C-SiC composite ceramics combine the properties of boron carbide (B4C) and silicon carbide (SiC) and have good physical and mechanical properties. Compared with monolithic B4C ceramics, B4C-SiC composite ceramics have improved fracture toughness. Compared with monolithic SiC ceramics, B4C-SiC composite ceramics possess increased hardness. B4C-SiC composite ceramics are expected to replace monolithic B4C ceramics and monolithic SiC ceramics to be widely used in engineering fields. The mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics are related to the particle dispersion uniformity of B4C-SiC composite powders. Meanwhile, the mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics are also influenced by their microstructure and phase composition. In order to reduce the sintering temperature of B4C-SiC composite ceramics, sintering additives are often added to the raw materials. The commonly used sintering additives include carbon, oxides, borides, carbides, metallic elements, and non-metallic elements (excluding carbon). The mechanisms by which different sintering additives promote the sintering of B4C-SiC composite ceramics vary. At the same time, these sintering additives affect the microstructure of B4C-SiC composite ceramics, which in turn affects their mechanical properties. Based on the research results of mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics in recent years, the influencing factors of mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics are summarized in this review from the aspects of B4C-SiC composite powders, microstructure, phase composition, and sintering additives, so as to provide a basis for the design and investigation of B4C-SiC composite ceramics.
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图 4 B4C-50wt%SiC复合陶瓷断面的微观结构:(a)以高能球磨的B4C-SiC复合粉体为原料,(b)以普通球磨的B4C-SiC复合粉体为原料[47]
Figure 4. Microstructure of fracture surfaces of B4C-50wt%SiC composite ceramics produced from: (a) B4C-SiC composite powders prepared by high-energy ball milling and (b) B4C-SiC composite powders prepared by ball milling[47]
图 5 固相烧结B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的相界特征、裂纹扩展及断面:(a)洁净且清晰的相界[50],(b)穿晶扩展[47],(c)断面处粗糙的SiC晶粒[54]
Figure 5. Phase boundary characteristics, crack propagation, and fracture surface of solid-state sintered B4C-SiC composite ceramics: (a) clean and clear phase boundary[50], (b) transgranular propagation mode[47], and (c) fracture surface exhibiting rougher SiC grains[54]
表 1 含有不同碳烧结助剂的B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的力学性能
Table 1. Mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics with different carbon sintering additives
Ceramics Sintering additive Content of
sintering
additive/wt%Sintering
methodRelative
density/%Vickers
hardness/
GPa (9.8 N)Bending
strength/
MPaFracture
toughness/
(MPa·m1/2)Elastic
modulus/
GPaRef. B4C-9wt%SiC Carbon black 2 Hot-press 99.6 - 403 5.26 (SENB) - [70] B4C-15wt%SiC No No Spark plasma 96.6 30.3 - 6.00 (IF) - [32] Graphite 2 98.8 25.7 - 5.50 (IF) - B4C-15wt%SiC Graphene oxide 5 Spark plasma 99.2 34.2 545 5.72 (IF) 444 [74] Notes: The bending strength is measured according to three-point bending test method. ‘SENB’ and ‘IF’ represent that the fracture toughness is measured according to single edge notched beam method and indentation-fracture method, respectively. 表 2 含有不同氧化物烧结助剂的B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的力学性能
Table 2. Mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics with different oxide sintering additives
Ceramics Sintering
additiveContent of
sintering
additiveSintering
methodRelative
density/%Vickers
hardness/
GPaBending
strength/
MPaFracture
toughness/
(MPa·m1/2)Ref. B4C-10wt%SiC Al2O3 3wt% Spark plasma 99.5 35.1 (3 N) - 5.9 (IF) [76] Al2O3 6wt% 99.1 33.7 (3 N) - 6.5 (IF) B4C-15vol%SiC No No Spark plasma 97.8 31.1 (9.8 N) - - [77] Y2O3 5wt% 98.2 33.0 (9.8 N) - - B4C-15wt%SiC No No Pressureless 85.8 19.8 (9.8 N) 194 2.40 (SENB) [78] CeO2 1wt% 91.2 26.0 (9.8 N) 270 3.25 (SENB) CeO2 5wt% 96.4 32.2 (9.8 N) 380 4.32 (SENB) CeO2 9wt% 93.4 27.0 (9.8 N) 330 4.00 (SENB) B4C-9wt%SiC No No Pressureless 82.8 - 307 3.72 (SENB) [81] Al2O3-Y2O3 15wt% 98.8 - 496 4.57 (SENB) B4C-10wt%SiC Al2O3:Y2O3(5:3, molar ratio) 10vol% Pressureless 91.5 29.5 (9.8 N) - - [83] AlN:Y2O3(3:2, molar ratio) 10vol% 93.4 30.3 (9.8 N) - - 表 3 含有不同硼化物或碳化物烧结助剂的B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的力学性能
Table 3. Mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics with different boride or carbide sintering additives
Ceramics Sintering
additiveContent of
sintering
additiveSintering
methodRelative
density/%Vickers
hardness/
GPa (9.8 N)Bending
strength/
MPaFracture
toughness/
(MPa·m1/2)Elastic
modulus/
GPaRef. B4C-40wt%SiC No No Spark plasma 99.5 29.5 - 2.39 (IF) 436 [94] TiB2 10wt% 99.0 28.5 - 3.07 (IF) 427 TiB2 20wt% 98.4 23.4 - 2.96 (IF) 415 B4C-10vol%SiC TiB2 30vol% Hot-press 99.2 32.8 858 8.21 (SENB) - [95] B4C-10vol%SiC ZrB2 30vol% Hot-press 99.7 - 612 - - [96] B4C-20wt%SiC TiC 3wt% Pressureless 89.7 - 176 4.57 (SENB) - [98] TiC 12wt% 94.5 - 239 4.91 (SENB) - TiC 15wt% 92.1 - 230 4.75 (SENB) - 表 4 含有不同金属或非金属单质烧结助剂的B4C-SiC复合陶瓷的力学性能
Table 4. Mechanical properties of B4C-SiC composite ceramics with different metallic or non-metallic elemental sintering additives
Ceramics Sintering
additiveContent of
sintering
additive/wt%Sintering
methodRelative
density/%Vickers
hardness/
GPa (9.8 N)Bending
strength/
MPaFracture
toughness/
(MPa·m1/2)Ref. B4C-50wt%SiC No No Pressureless 97.5 - 290 - [99] Ti 3 97.6 - 204 - B4C-15wt%SiC No No Hot-press 95.4 24.0 265 4.96 [101] Si 4 95.8 26.4 260 5.06 Si 15 98.3 31.0 350 5.40 B4C-60wt%SiC No No Pressureless 89.0 20.0 - - [103] Si 2 88.0 14.0 - - Si 5 89.0 16.2 - - Si 10 92.0 18.1 - - Si 20 90.0 15.0 - - B4C-60wt%SiC No No Spark plasma 94.0 28.0 - - [103] Si 2 94.6 22.0 - - Si 5 96.3 24.4 - - Si 10 98.0 27.8 - - Si 20 97.0 24.0 - - -
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