Influence of fused deposition modeling and annealing heat treatment on the fiber orientation of short carbon fiber reinforced nylon 6
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摘要: 探究了熔融沉积成型和退火热处理的工艺参数对于短切碳纤维增强尼龙6微观纤维取向的影响，以及不同碳纤维长径比的该种材料熔融沉积成型后在纤维取向上的差异。通过在单层-单丝试样的顶面进行显微观察，使用Image J软件测量平面纤维取向角，得到不同工艺参数下的平面纤维取向分布直方图，并采用正态曲线拟合以便对比分析。实验结果显示，随着打印速度的提高，取向与打印方向保持一致的纤维数量呈先上升后下降的趋势，在V=40 mm/s时获得峰值，标准差σ为11.14，频率峰值为0.42；同时，拉伸模量也呈此变化趋势，通过Pearson相关系数计算，发现两者呈强相关，增材工艺参数对拉伸模量的影响与纤维取向的变化密切相关。纤维取向一致性并非随着加入碳纤维长径比的增大而提高，而是与制件中的保留长径比相关。不同退火温度下，当退火温度介于玻璃转化温度和结晶温度之间相对于靠近两者，对于纤维取向的影响更为显著，且在150℃下获得标准差为6.39、频率峰值为0.54的最优效果。Abstract: The influence of process parameters in fused deposition modeling and annealing heat treatment on the microfiber orientation of short carbon fiber-reinforced nylon 6 was investigated in the study, as well as the differences in fiber orientation after fused deposition modeling for this material with varying carbon fiber slenderness ratio. Microscopic observations were conducted on single-layer-single-fiber samples, and Image J software was used to measure the planar fiber orientation angles. Histograms of planar fiber orientation under different process parameters were obtained and fitted with normal curves for comparative analysis. The experimental results indicate that with increasing printing speed, the number of fibers oriented in the printing direction first rises and then falls, reaching a peak at V=40 mm/s, with a standard deviation σ of 11.14 and a frequency peak of 0.42. Additionally, the tensile modulus follows a similar trend, and Pearson correlation analysis reveals a strong correlation between the two. Fiber orientation consistency does not improve with an increase in carbon fiber slenderness ratio, but is related to the retained slenderness ratio in the specimen. At different annealing temperatures, the impact on fiber orientation is more pronounced when the annealing temperature is between the glass transition temperature and the crystallization temperature, with the optimal effect achieved at 150℃ with a standard deviation of 6.39 and peak frequency of 0.54.
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Key words:
- composites /
- additive manufacturing /
- planar fiber orientation /
- elastic modulus /
- process parameters
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图 1 增材制件、测试、表征流程图
Figure 1. illustrates the additive manufacturing, testing, and characterization workflow.
图 3 不同打印速度下的显微图像和平面纤维取向分布(a)V从20到60下的显微图像；(b) V=20；(c) V=30；(d) V=40；(e) V=50；(f) V=60
Figure 3. The micrographs and planar fiber orientation distributions under different printing speeds (a)The micrographs for V from 20 to 60 are presented, (b) V=20, (c) V=30, (d) V=40, (e) V=50, (f) V=60
图 4 不同打印速度的平面纤维取向分布曲线比较
Figure 4. The comparison of planar fiber orientation distribution curves at different printing speeds
图 5 纤维取向频率峰值与拉伸模量变化趋势
Figure 5. The trend of peak frequency of fiber orientation versus tensile modulus variation
图 6 不同碳纤维长径比下的平面纤维取向分布对比
Figure 6. Comparison of planar fiber orientation distributions under different carbon fiber length-diameter ratios.
图 7 不同碳纤维长径比下增材制件的显微图像和纤维断裂的SEM图像
Figure 7. Microscopic images of additive parts under different carbon fiber length-diameter ratios and SEM images of fiber breakage
图 8 退火温度对杨氏模量的影响规律
Figure 8. The influence of annealing temperature on Young 's modulus
图 9 不同退火温度下的平面纤维取向分布对比
Figure 9. Comparison of planar fiber orientation distribution at various annealing temperatures
表 1 FDM工艺参数
Table 1. FDM process parameters
Parameters Value Parameters Value Infill Density 100% Layer height 0.2 mm Raster angle 0° Layer width 0.8 mm Nozzle temperature 300℃ Infill speed 20, 30, 40, 50,
60 mm/s
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表 2 CF270-PA6的DSC实验结果
Table 2. DSC experimental results of CF270-PA6
Materials Tg/℃ Tc/℃ Tm/℃ CF270-PA6 55 190 220 Notes：Tg represents the glass transition temperature; Tc represents the crystallization temperature; Tm represents the melting temperature.
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表 3 退火实验布置
Table 3. The annealing experiment setup
Set Material Annealing
temperature/℃Annealing
time/h1,2,3,4,5 CF270-PA6 70,90,120,150,200 7 Re CF270-PA6 no no Notes：Re serves as the room temperature reference group without undergoing annealing treatment.
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