Research progress of polymer-based wave-absorbing and heat-conducting composites
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摘要: 针对5G或6G通信设备、超级计算机、无线能量传输装置、AI智能、量子储存、VR技术和微波医疗器等精密电子设备朝着小型化和高度集成化发展所带来的电磁兼容和散热两大问题，研制兼具良好的绝缘性、缓震性、高效吸波性能以及优良导热能力的柔性吸波导热复合材料非常必要。本文从单一的电磁波吸收功能复合材料和散热性能复合材料的设计制备出发，归纳了电磁波吸波机理与导热机理以及影响吸波和导热性能的重要因素。在此基础上介绍了一些国内外聚合物基吸波导热复合材料的综合性能及其设计制备方法，在总结现有吸波导热多功能复合材料的研究现状和存在问题的基础上，考虑当前设计研发中存在的不足，提出了对于未来聚合物基吸波导热材料的发展方向的思考。此文旨在为制备高性能吸波导热复合材料材料提供思路，提升行业技术水平，开发出兼具高导热和优异电磁波吸收能力的新型复合材料。Abstract: Because of the two major problems of electromagnetic compatibility and heat dissipation brought about by the development of 5G or 6G communication devices, supercomputers, wireless energy transmission devices, AI intelligence, quantum storage, VR technology, and microwave medical devices and other precision electronic devices toward miniaturization and high integration, it is essential to develop flexible wave-absorbing and heat-conducting composites with both good insulating properties, vibration damping, high efficiency wave-absorbing properties, and excellent heat-conducting capabilities. In this paper, from the design and preparation of single electromagnetic wave absorbing composites and heat dissipating composites, the electromagnetic wave absorbing mechanism and thermal conductivity mechanism as well as the important factors affecting the wave absorbing and thermal conductivity performance are summarized. On this basis, the comprehensive performance of some domestic and foreign polymer-based wave-absorbing and heat-conducting composites and their design and preparation methods are introduced, and based on summarizing the current research status of existing wave-absorbing and heat-conducting multifunctional composites and the existing problems, and taking into consideration of the shortcomings in the current research and development of the current design, insights into the direction of the development of the polymer-based wave-absorbing and heat-conducting materials in the future are proposed. Through this study, we aim to provide a reference for the preparation of high-performance wave-absorbing and heat-conducting composite materials, improve the technical level of the industry, and develop new composite materials with both high thermal conductivity and excellent electromagnetic wave absorption ability.
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图 1 入射电磁波与吸波材料之间产生吸收作用原理示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the principle of absorption between the incident electromagnetic wave and the wave-absorbing material
图 2 吸波导热贴片用于解决金属屏蔽罩内的电磁辐射干扰和散热问题
Figure 2. Wave-absorbing and heat-conducting patches are used to solve electromagnetic radiation interference and heat dissipation problems in a metal shield
图 5 (a) TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs制备过程示意图；(b) TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs的扫描电镜图片；(c) TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs的RL；(d) TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs的EAB；(f) 复合材料的热导率和热扩散系数[60]
Figure 5. (a) Schematic representation of the preparation process for TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs; (b) SEM images of TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs; (c) RL values and (d) EAB values of TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs; (f) The thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of composite [60]
图 9 (a) 垂直定向排列NiCO@CFs弹性体的制造示意图，以及CF、GO/CF和NiCO@CFs的扫描电镜图像；(b) 不同取向的NiCO@CFs弹性体的面外热导率；(c) 不同取向角和质量比NiCO@CFs弹性体的EAB和RLmin[66]
Figure 9. (a) Schematic illustration of fabrication for vertical orientation NiCO@CFs elastomer and the SEM images of CF, GO/CF, and NiCO@CFs, respectively; (b) The out-of-plane thermal conductivity of NiCO@CFs elastomers with different orientations; (c) EAB and RLmin of NiCO@CFs elastomer with different orientation angles and mass ratios [66]
Indicators Quantitative values RL/dB ≤ −10 EAB/GHz ≥2 λ (W·m−1·K−1) ≥ 1.5 volume resistivity (Ω·cm) ≥ 108 breakdown voltage (kV·mm−1) ≥ 1 ρ (g·cm−3) ≤ 3.5 shore hardness/HA ≤ 80 Thickness/mm 0.5-3 Notes: RL is the reflection loss; EAB is the effective absorption bandwidth; λ is the thermal conductivity；ρ is the density. 
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表 2 吸波导热复合材料性能比较
Table 2. Comparison of the performance of wave-absorption and heat-conduction composites
Materials Thickness/mm RL/dB EABmax/Ghz λ (W·m−1·K−1) References Al2O3/EG/EP 1.8 −43 2.8 0.76 [54] BaTiO3/EG/EP 1.6 −25.7 2.9 0.79 TiO2/EG/EP 1.4 −33.9 2.7 0.95 ZnO/EG/EP 1.8 −46 2.9 1.19 CIP/ZnO/SR 2 −28.03 4.96 2.54 [55] CNT@NiO/NR 1.5 −24.7 4.24 1.05 [57] SCF@NiFe2O4/EP 4 −20.7 2.1 1.03 [58] BCN/NR 1.4 −54.24 4.16 0.28 [59] TiO2@C-Ni/CNTs/NR 1.8 −25.6 5.5 0.25 [60] BN@C/Ag/SR 2.3 − 6.89 0.42 [61] CNF@C-Ni/EP 2.2 −20.9 5.68 0.5 [62] SiCnw/BN/EP 3 −21.5 2.8 2.21 [63] MDCF@BN/EP 3 −52.77 5.6 0.99 [64] PVDF/Co/MXene composite foams 4 −45.6 2 1.36 [65] NiCo2O4/graphene oxide/carbon fibers elastomer 2.4 −55.15 8.25 15.55 [66] Notes: RL is the reflection loss; EABmax is the maximum effective absorption bandwidth; λ is the thermal conductivity; EG is the exfoliated graphite; EP is the epoxy resin; CIP is the carbonyl iron powder; SR is the silicone rubber; CNT is the Carbon nanotube; NR is the natural rubber; SCF is the short carbon fiber; BCN is the biomass-derived borocarbonitride; BN is the boron nitride; CNF is the carbon nanofiber; SiCnw is the silicon carbide nanowires; MDPF is the melamine derived carbon foam; PVDF is the a polyvinylidene fluoride.
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