Performance of the protective gear inspired by fish scale structure against armor-piercing incendiary bullets
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摘要: 借鉴硬骨鱼鳞片的多级结构，采用软硬复合防护理念，本文提出了一种新型双层式柔性防护装具。该仿生防护装具的上层采用周期性叠加的复合鳞片构建鳞片层，下层采用多层超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)无纺布作为垫层。根据GJB 4300A—2012标准 III 级要求，对防护装具进行弹道测试和有限元仿真，验证了防护装具的抗穿甲燃烧弹性能和有限元模型的可靠性。结果表明：复合鳞片的陶瓷层厚度是影响防护装具抗侵彻性能的主要因素之一，在总厚度不变的情况下，复合鳞片的层厚比为2∶1时满足防护要求，倾斜复合鳞片对子弹的钝化作用及子弹的横向偏转，叠加鳞片的整体协同能量耗散及UHMWPE垫层的能量分散作用都是决定仿生装具防护能力的重要作用机制。Abstract: In this study, a novel double-layer flexible protective gear was proposed based on the multi-level structure of the bony fish scale and the concept of soft and hard composite protection. The upper layer of this protective gear is a scale-like layer which consists of periodically overlapping composite scales, the lower layer consists of multiple layers of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) sheets as the backing layer. In accordance with the Level III requirements of the standard GJB 4300A—2012, the protection performance of the protective gear has been tested and simulated with finite element models, and the results verified the good protection performance of the gear against the armor-piercing incendiary bullet, and also confirmed the reliability of the numerical simulations. The results indicate that the thickness of the ceramic layer of the composite scale is one of the key factors that affect the anti-penetration performance of the protective gear. When the total thickness is unchanged, the layer thickness ratio of the composite scale is 2∶1 to meet the protection requirements. Some key mechanisms take effect to determine the anti-penetration performance of the protective gear, including the blunting and lateral deflection of bullets by composite scales, the overall synergistic energy dissipation of the overlapping scales, and the energy dispersion of the UHMWPE backing layer.
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图 1 仿生防护装具设计示意图：(a) 真实鱼鳞片排列模式[15]；(b) 超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)垫层；(c) 仿生鳞片排列；(d) 单个复合鳞片设计；(e) 仿生防护装具
Figure 1. Schematic illustration of the design of bio-inspired protection device: (a) Real fish scale arrangement pattern[15]; (b) Ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) backing layers; (c) Bionic scale arrangement; (d) Single composite scale design; (e) Bio-inspired protection devices
e—Epidermis; s—Scale; sp—Scale pouch; h—Hypoderm; d—Dermis; m—Muscle; θ1—Overlapping angle; θ2—Incline angle; R—Radius
图 3 防弹装具 (a) 与穿甲燃烧弹 (b) 的有限元模型
Figure 3. Finite element model of bulletproof gear (a) and armor-piercing incendiary bullet (b)
图 4 模型网格划分：(a) 子弹；(b) 整体；(c) 复合鳞片；(d) 垫层
Figure 4. Model grid division: (a) Bullet; (b) Overall; (c) Composite scale; (d) Backing layers
图 5 弹道测试后防护装具背部破坏形貌：(a) 样件A；(b) 样件B
Figure 5. Damage morphologies in the back of protection gears after ballistic tests: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample B
图 6 弹道测试后防护装具X射线照片与破坏形貌：(a) 样件A；(b) 样件B
Figure 6. X-ray photographs and damage morphologies of protection gears after ballistic tests: (a) Sample A; (b) Sample B
图 7 7.62 mm穿甲燃烧弹的破坏形貌对比：(a) 试验；(b) 有限元模拟
Figure 7. Comparison of the failure morphologies of 7.62 mm armor-piercing incendiary bullets: (a) Experiments; (b) Finite element modelling simulations
图 8 穿甲燃烧弹侵彻防护装具的过程示意图
Figure 8. Schematic illustration of the process of the armor-piercing incendiary bullet penetrating the protection gear
图 9 侵彻过程穿甲燃烧弹的速度与加速度时程曲线
Figure 9. Time history curves of the velocity and acceleration of armor-piercing incendiary bullet during penetration
图 10 Von Mises应力分布：(a) SiC陶瓷层；(b) UHMWPE纤维层；(c) 背部垫层
Figure 10. Von Mises stress distributions: (a) SiC ceramic layer; (b) UHMWPE fiber layer; (c) Backing layer
表 1 防护装具的仿生鳞片尺寸及垫层数量
Table 1. Bionic scale size and number of backing layers in protection gears
Sample t/mm t1/mm t2/mm Ratio of t1/t2 Number of backing layers Sample A 12 6 6 1∶1 50 Sample B 12 8 4 2∶1 50 Notes: t—Thickness of composite scale; t1—Thickness of SiC layer; t2—Thickness of UHMWPE layer. 
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表 2 穿甲燃烧弹的弹壳与弹芯材料参数
Table 2. Material parameters of the shell and the core of the armor-piercing incendiary bullet
Material parameter ρ/(kg·m−3) E/GPa ν SIGY/GPa ETAN/GPa BETA FS Bullet jacket 8858 117 0.4 0.345 0.0 0.0 1.0 Bullet core 7850 207 0.33 0.355 0.0 0.2 3.0 Notes: ρ—Density; E—Young's modulus; ν—Poisson's ratio; SIGY—Yield stress; ETAN—Tangent modulus; BETA—Hardening parameter; FS—Failure strain.
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表 3 两套防护装具弹道测试结果
Table 3. Experimental result of ballistic tests of two protection gears
Sample
nameReference
pointBullet
velocity/
(m·s−1)Backface
signature/
mmNumber of
penetrated
backing
layersSample A (1) 843 — — (2) 840 — — (3) 840 — — Sample B (4) 846 20.8 5 (5) 840 23.4 6 (6) 849 26.6 9
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表 4 样件B试验结果与数值模拟结果对比
Table 4. Comparison of experimental and numerical results of sample B
Parameters Reference
pointExperi-
mentsSimula-
tionsDiffer-
ence/%Remaining length
of bullet/mm(4) 12.8 13.4 4.5 (5) 14.4 15.5 7.1 (6) 16.3 15.5 5.2 Number of
penetrated
backing layers(4) 5 6 16.7 (5) 6 8 25.0 (6) 9 8 −12.5 Backface
signature/mm(4) 20.8 19.7 5.6 (5) 23.4 24.2 3.3 (6) 26.6 24.2 9.9 Notes: (4)—Located in the center of the target scale; (5), (6)—Located at the junction of two target scales.
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