Microstructure evolution and carbon footprint evaluation of ground activated recycled powder / multi-component composite cementitious materials
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摘要: 为大规模应用再生微粉(RP)替代普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)作为辅助胶凝材料(SCM)。本研究旨在构建RP/多元复合胶凝材料(MCCM)，通过抗压强度试验和XRD、FT-IR、SEM、BSE-EDS、TEM等微观测试手段，对RP/MCCM的强度发展、相组织演化和微观结构等进行了研究，并以生命周期评价(LCA)方法对RP/MCCM碳减排效益进行分析。研究发现：研磨活化后，RP掺量为30% (R30)时，28 d抗压强度在未活化的基础上提高7.6%。RP掺入后Al—OH增强，C—O和$\text{CO}_{3}^{2-} $键峰变窄，S元素分布均匀，有利于钙矾石(AFt)和CaCO3相的生成。CaCO3、Ca(OH)2、SiO2纳米结构在RP和粉煤灰(FA)分别复掺15%时(R15F15)，其三元体系中紧密的结合在一起，未出现明显的断层，从而改善了其结构致密性和强度。此外，碳排放分析发现，RP掺入降低了原材料提取和运输过程碳排放，实现了减排目标。Abstract: In order to replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) as an supplementary cementitious material (SCM) for large-scale application of recycled powder (RP). The purpose of this study is to construct RP/multi-component composite cementitious material (MCCM). The strength development, phase structure evolution and microstructure of RP/MCCM were studied by compressive strength test and microscopic test methods such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM, BSE-EDS and TEM. The life cycle assessment (LCA) method was used to analyze the carbon emission reduction benefits of RP/MCCM. It indicates that after grinding activation, the 28 d compressive strength increased by 7.6% on the basis of unactivated value when the RP content was 30% (R30). After RP incorporation, the Al—OH is enhanced, the C—O and $\text{CO}_{3}^{2-} $bond peaks are narrowed, and the S element is evenly distributed, which is beneficial to the formation of ettringite (AFt) and CaCO3 phases. The CaCO3, Ca(OH)2 and SiO2 nanostructures are tightly bonded together in the ternary system without obvious faults appear when RP and fly ash (FA) are mixed with 15% (R15F15) respectively. Hence, the compactness and strength of the structure are improved. Moreover, the results of carbon emission analysis show that the incorporation of RP can reduce carbon emissions during raw material extraction and transportation, and achieve emission reduction targets.
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图 1 再生微粉(RP)生产和制备过程
Figure 1. Recycled powder (RP) manufacturing and preparation process
图 5 RP/多元复合胶凝材料(MCCM)抗压强度试验结果
Figure 5. RP/multi-component composite cementitious material (MCCM) compressive strength test results
图 11 28 d龄期不同配比RP/MCCM的SEM微观结构
Figure 11. Microstructure of SEM with different ratios in 28 d instar period of RP/MCCM
图 12 R0水泥净浆28 d BSE-EDS面扫结果
Figure 12. Surface sweep results of R0 cement net slurry 28 d BSE-EDS
图 13 R30二元净浆体系28 d BSE-EDS面扫结果
Figure 13. 28 d BSE-EDS face results of R30 binary clean slurry system
图 14 R15F15三元净浆体系28 d BSE-EDS面扫结果
Figure 14. 28 d BSE-EDS face results of R15F15 ternary slurry system
图 19 RP/MCCM碳排放总量及每部分占比
Figure 19. The total carbon emissions and the proportion of each part of RP/MCCM
表 1 化学成分检测
Table 1. chemical composition
Chemical composition/wt% SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 K2O NaO2 TiO2 Cement 20.13 9.53 3.65 60.08 1.69 2.57 1.20 0.18 0.95 RP 46.792 11.99 5.649 25.602 3.071 1.34 2.23 1.11 1.12 FA 46.39 34.28 7.23 3.60 2.08 2.00 1.03 0.68 2.48 
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表 2 水泥净浆配合比设计
Table 2. Mix proportion design of cement paste
Number Unit/g w/b Cement URP RP FA Water R0 450 0 0 0 135 0.3 UR30 315 135 0 0 135 0.3 R30 315 0 135 0 135 0.3 R0F30 315 0 0 135 135 0.3 R15F15 315 0 67.5 67.5 135 0.3 Note: URP is Ungrounded recycled powder; R0 is cement paste, R15 is 15% of the recycled powder blending ratio after grinding, and F15 is 15% of the fly ash blending ratio.
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表 3 原料提取阶段碳排放量计算结果
Table 3. Calculation results of carbon emission in the raw material extraction stage
Mixture type Materials The mass of 1 m3 mixture/t The mass of each
material in 1/(m3·t−1)Raw material production CEF/(kgCO2eq·t−1) Raw material CE/kg Raw materials
for CE Ce/kgR0 Cement 2.1 1.83 735 1345.1 1345.1 Water 0.29 0.15 0.04 R30 Cement 2.1 1.28 785 941.5 941.6 RP 0.54 0 0 Water 0.29 0.15 0.1 R0F30 Cement 2.1 1.28 735 941.5 960.5 FA 0.55 34.5 18.94 Water 0.29 0.15 0.1 R15F15 Cement 2.1 1.28 735 941.5 950.9 RP 0.27 0 0 FA 0.19 34.5 9.3 Water 0.29 0.15 0.1 Notes: Carbon Emission Factor(CEF); Carbon Emissions(CE)
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表 4 原料和混合物运输阶段的碳排放的计算结果
Table 4. Calculation results of carbon emissions during the transportation stage of raw materials and mixture
Mixture
typeMaterials
The mass of 1 m3
mixture /tThe mass of each material in 1/(m3·t−1) Transport CEF/
(kgCO2eq·t−1)Raw material transportation distance/km Transport CE/kg Raw material transportationCE Ct1/kg Net slurry transportation distance /km Mixed material transportationCE Ct2/kg R0 Cement 2.10 1.83 1.1 30 72.5 72.5 20.00 50.4 Water 0.29 30 0.00 R30 Cement 2.10 1.28 1.1 30 46.1 65.56 20.00 50.4 RP 0.54 30 19.4 Water 0.29 30 0.00 R0F30 Cement 2.10 1.28 1.1 30 46.1 65.88 20.00 50.4 FA 0.55 30 19.4 Water 0.29 30 0.00 R15F15 Cement 2.10 1.28 1.1 30 46.50 62.75 20.00 50.4 RP 0.27 30 9.72 FA 0.19 30 6.91 Water 0.29 30 0.00
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表 5 混合物生产阶段碳排放量的计算结果
Table 5. Calculation results of carbon emissions during the mixture production stage
Mixture
typeMaterials The mass
of 1 m3
mixture /tThe mass of
each material
in 1/(m3·t−1)In the production
process CEF/
(kgCO2eq·t−1)Produce
CE/kgAfter processing
CEF/(kgCO2eq·t−1)After
processing
CE/kgThe mixture
produces the
CE Cp/kgR0 Cement 2.1 1.83 1.1 2.89 / / 2.3 Water 0.29 R30 Cement 2.1 1.28 1.1 2.88 2.32 1.26 3.6 RP 0.54 Water 0.29 R0F30 Cement 2.1 1.28 1.1 3.01 / / 2.4 FA 0.55 Water 0.29 R15F15 Cement 2.1 1.28 1.1 2.77 2.32 0.63 2.9 RP 0.27 FA 0.19 Water 0.29
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表 6 建筑固废(CSW)处理碳排放量计算
Table 6. Calculation of carbon emissions from construction solid waste (CSW) treatment
Mixture
typeCSW
MaterialsThe mass
of 1 m3
mixture /tThe mass of
each material
in 1/(m3·t−1)Transport
CEF/
(kgCO2eq·t−1)CSW
transport
distance/kmCSW
transport
CE /kgCSW-
processed
CEF/
(kgCO2eq·t−1)Sewage
treatment
sCE/kgAvoid CSW
landfilling
CEF/(kgCO2eq·t−1)CSW
landfill
CE/kgReductive
CE R/kgR30 Cement 2.1 1.83 −1.1 0 −47.5 −7.1 4.1 −2.1 −1.13 −52.7 RP 0.29 80 Water 1.28 0 R0F30 Cement 2.1 0.54 −1.1 0 −22.5 −7.1 3.9 −2.1 −1.15 −29.4 FA 0.29 40 Water 1.28 0 R15F15 Cement 2.1 0.55 −1.1 0 −22.2 −7.1 3.3 −2.1 −0.97 −33.7 RP 0.29 80 FA 1.28 40 Water 0.27 0
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