Research progress on moisturizing and anti-freezing conductive hydrogels in flexible electronics
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摘要: 近年来,柔性电子材料得到了快速的发展,其中导电水凝胶由于其突出的导电性、柔韧性、亲肤性等已被广泛的应用于该领域。然而,类似于传统的水凝胶,大多数导电水凝胶在极端环境下仍面临应用受限的瓶颈问题。因此,许多学者对水凝胶的保湿/抗冻行为进行了研究,并设计制备了一系列保湿抗冻导电水凝胶。本文对近年来保湿抗冻导电水凝胶的制备策略进行了总结及归类,详细阐述其提升水凝胶温度适应性的潜在机制;重点对耐候型水凝胶在柔性电子领域的应用进行了综述,包括运动感知、健康监测、智能识别与人机交互等;并且对保湿抗冻导电水凝胶面临的机遇和挑战进行了探讨和展望,旨在为新型保湿抗冻导电水凝胶的构筑提供新的思路,可望开发出综合性能优异的导电水凝胶,进一步推动其在柔性电子领域中的实际应用。Abstract: Conductive hydrogel is one novel flexible material with outstanding conductivity, flexibility and skin-friendliness, which has made great progress in flexible electronics recently. However, similar to traditional hydrogels, the applications of conductive hydrogels in extreme environments still face limitations. To extend the operational temperature range of hydrogels, some researchers have paid attention to the dehydration/freezing behavior of hydrogels, resulting in the successful design and fabrication of a series of hydrogels with moisturizing and anti-freezing properties. In this review, the strategies for improving the temperature tolerance of hydrogels are summarized, and the potential mechanisms of moisturizing and anti-freezing hydrogels are described in detail. Furthermore, the applications of environmentally stable hydrogels in the field of flexible electronics are discussed, including motion perception, health monitoring, intelligent recognition and human-computer interaction. Additionally, the opportunities and challenges faced by the moisturizing and anti-freezing hydrogels are deliberated, with the objective of stimulating innovative approaches towards weather-resistant hydrogel development. By advancing the development of modern hydrogels with excellent comprehensive performance, the aim is to facilitate their broader practical application in extreme environments.
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Key words:
- Conductive hydrogel /
- extreme environment /
- moisturizing /
- anti-freezing /
- flexible sensor
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图 6 (a) 基于SPGL水凝胶的应变传感器示意图和通过电路板实时监测人类颈椎运动[38];(b) PCOBE-TENG的“三明治”结构示意图及其在单电极模式下的工作机制[48]
Figure 6. (a) Schematic diagram of the SPGL hydrogel-based strain sensor and real-time monitoring of human head bowing movement through the circuit board[38]. (b) The schematic diagram of the “sandwich” structure of PCOBE-TENG and its working mechanism in single-electrode mode[48].
图 9 (a) PBAPE电子皮肤智能手套手语与多种手势相结合的照片[54];(b) 二维多功能人机界面进行检测及其应用[55]
Figure 9. (a) Photos of sign languages combined with multiple gestures and the signal curves corresponding to the five fingers collected by PBAPE e-skin smart glove[54]. (b) Detection using a two-dimensional multifunctional human–machine interface (2D-MHMI) and its application[55].
图 10 (a) SPOH光纤在激光传输中的应用[19];(b) PVA/LNP水凝胶在100元人民币表面紫外线敏感荧光区的透明度和紫外线屏蔽能力[58];(c) 有机水凝胶实现重复的信息记录和擦除[59]。
Figure 10. (a) Application of SPOH fibers in laser transmission[19]. (b) UV-shielding capabilities of PVA/LNP hydrogels on the UV-sensitive fluorescent area of the 100-yuan CNY surface[58]. (c) Photographs showing the organohydrogel can achieve repeated information recording and erasing[59].
表 1 各种水凝胶的保湿抗冻性能比较
Table 1. Comprehensive performance comparison of various moisturizing and antifreezing hydrogels
Conductive hydrogel Agent Moisturizing ability Anti-freezing ability References (PAAm)-F127DA Glycerol 60% (60℃, 34Days) −40℃ [20] CDPAP 1,3-propanediol ~80% (25℃, 20Days) −60℃ [40] PAA-CS-G/Gly Glycerol 80% (37℃, 15Days) −45℃ [41] PAM/carrageenan LiBr 87% (25℃, 4Days) −78.5℃ [42] P(AM-co-AA) LiCl 83.8% (50℃, 10 h) −20℃ [25] P(AA-co-DMAPS)/Al3+ Ionic liquid 97.2%(20℃, 60Days) −80℃ [33] P@P composite ionogel Ionic liquid 120℃ −58℃ [34] HPE-LiCl Ethylene glycol/LiCl 87% (25℃, 30Days)
79% (80℃, 100 h)−40℃ [38] PGN Glycerol/CaCl2 90% (28℃, 12Days) −20℃ [43] PHA/Agar/EG Ethylene glycol/NaCl 89% (25℃, 12Days) −40℃ [44] P(PEG-co-AA)/PANI Glycerol/PEG ~90% (20℃, 7Days)
~85% (40℃, 7Days)
~80% (80℃, 7Days)−28℃ [45] P(SBMA-co-AA) LiCl/zwitterionic polymer 100% (25℃, 7Days) −80°C [46] Notes: PAAm (PAM)-Polyacrylamide; F127DA-Pluronic F127Diacrylate; PAA-Poly(acrylic acid); CS-Chitosan; Gly-Glycerol; DMAPS-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl-(3 sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide; PHA-poly(N-hydroxymethyl acrylamide); PEG-poly (ethylene glycol) methacrylate; PANI-Polyaniline; SBMA-Sulfobetaine methacrylate. -
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