Progress on chain-like electromagnetic wave absorption materials with core-shell structures
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摘要: 电磁波吸收材料不仅可以解决电磁污染、电磁干扰、电磁泄露等问题，还是有效的雷达隐身材料，因而吸引了广大研究者的热忱。核壳式链状电磁复合材料作为新型的电磁波吸收材料，表现出多重的结构优势。介电壳层与磁性内核的复合能够产生电磁损耗协同作用；高长径比的一维结构，提供了电磁波的传输路径；自组装形成的三维网络，增强了电磁波的多重反射；类天线效应有助于增加电磁波的多重散射；此外，选择恰当的介电壳层能够使核壳式链状电磁复合吸波材料兼顾抗氧化性、耐腐蚀性、耐高温性等，确保了电磁波吸收材料的环境适应性。根据现阶段的研究进展，本文系统综述了核壳式链状电磁复合吸波材料的制备方法，对比分析了长径比、壳层类型、壳层厚度、壳层数量、多孔结构以及壳层的晶相组成等结构因素对吸波性能的影响，阐明了核壳式链状电磁复合吸波材料的详细损耗机制，展望了核壳式链状电磁复合吸波材料的改进策略与发展方向。Abstract: Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials can not only solve the problems of electromagnetic pollution, electromagnetic interference and electromagnetic leakage, but also are effective radar stealth materials, thus attracting the enthusiasm of researchers. As a new type of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, core-shell chain electromagnetic composites show multiple structural advantages. The composite of dielectric shell layer and magnetic core can produce electromagnetic loss synergy; the one-dimensional structure with high aspect ratio provides the transmission path of electromagnetic wave; the three-dimensional network formed by self-assembly enhances the multiple reflections of electromagnetic wave; the antenna-like effect helps to increase the multiple scattering of electromagnetic wave; in addition, choosing the proper dielectric shell layer can make the core-shell chain electromagnetic composite absorbing material take into account the antioxidant property, the corrosion resistance, the high temperature resistance, etc., which ensures that the core-shell chain electromagnetic composite absorbing material has a good resistance to oxidation, corrosion and high temperature, high temperature resistance, etc., which ensures the environmental adaptability of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials. According to the research progress at this stage, this paper systematically reviews the preparation method of core-shell chain electromagnetic composite wave-absorbing materials, comparatively analyzes the influence of structural factors such as aspect ratio, shell layer type, shell layer thickness, number of shell layers, porous structure and crystalline phase composition of the shell layer on the wave-absorbing performance, elucidates the detailed loss mechanism of core-shell chain electromagnetic composite wave-absorbing materials, and prospects for improvement strategy and development direction of core-shell chain electromagnetic composite wave-absorbing materials. Improvement strategy and development direction of core-shell chain electromagnetic composite wave-absorbing materials.
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图 1 电磁波吸收材料的吸波示意图。
Figure 1. Absorption diagram of electromagnetic wave absorbing materials.
图 2 典型核壳式链状电磁复合吸波材料及由其组成的三维网状结构和阵列结构的示意图。
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of typical core-shell structured chain-like electromagnetic composite absorbing materials and the three-dimensional network and array structures composed thereof.
图 3 SEM图：(a)化学还原法制备的Ni@PANI纳米链[48]; (b)和(c)表面活性剂诱导法制备的Ni纳米链[20]；(d)溶剂热法制备出的α-Fe@Fe3O4纳米链[23]：(e)磁诱导自组装法制备出Yolk–shell型Fe3O4@C(掺杂N)纳米链[29]。
Figure 3. SEM images: (a) Ni@PANI nanochains prepared by chemical reduction[48]; (b) and (c) Ni nanochains prepared by surfactant-induced method[20]; (d) α-Fe@Fe3O4 nanochains prepared by solvothermal method[23]; (e) Yolk-shell type Fe3O4@C (N-doped) nanochains prepared by magnetic-induced self-assembly[29].
表 1 不同吸波剂性能对比
Table 1. Comparison of Performance of Different Absorber
Samples Filling ratio/wt% RL min/dB EAB/GHz Thickness/mm Ref Ni@PANI − −51.16 3.4 2.7 [48] 1 D@2 D Fe − −57.3 11.5 1.9 [17] Ni@PVP 50 −49 4.2 1.8 [20] α-Fe@Fe3O4 − −25.6 3.6(14.4~18.0) 0.8 [23] Yolk–shell Fe3O4@C 20 −63.09 5.34(9.62 ~14.96) 3.1 [29] Fe@Fe3C@C −58.0 3.5 2.4 [30] Co@PANI − −73.16 4.98(12.28~17.26) 4.63 [36] Ni@PANI − −65.06 5.02 3.88 [36] FeCo/PVP 50 −20 2.0−10.0 2.0−8.0 [31] CoNi/PVDF 60 −48.99 3.5(13~16.5) 5.0 [32] TiO2@Fe3O4@PPy − −61.8 6.0(10.8 ~16.8) 3.3 [15] Yolk-Shell Fe3O4@void@SiO2 35 −54.2 5.9(11.49~17.39) 1.8 [39] ZnFe2O4@SiO2@C @NiCo2O4 30 −54.29 5.66(11.94~17.60) 2.39 [41] Fe3O4@void@mSiO2@ MnO2 40 −45.76 5.13(10.49 ~15.62) 6.1 [44] Fe3O4@TiO2 − −21.29 5.09(11.83~16.92) 7.0 [47] Fe3O4@C − −45.3 2.3 GHz(7.8~ 11.1 GHz) 2.2 [51] Notes: RL min−Minimum reflection loss; EAB−Effective absorption bandwidth; PANI−Polyaniline; PVP−Polyvinyl pyrrolidone; PVDF−Polyvinylidene fluoride; PPy−Polypyrrole. 
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