Research progress on water purification composites with special wettability and photothermal effect
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摘要: 当前全球水资源污染，淡水短缺问题日益严重，针对海水、苦咸水、工业废水及生活污水等非常规水资源净化再利用的研究显得尤为迫切，而利用特殊润湿性与光热效应协同作用为非常规水资源净化提供一种行之有效、绿色低碳的解决策略。本文首先概括常规水净化材料研究现状，明确当前技术的优劣与挑战，随后系统论述单一特殊润湿性材料与光热转换材料在水净化领域的作用机制及研究进展，深入解析特殊润湿性及光热效应在水净化应用层面的协同增效机制及工作原理，剖析二者的协同作用在太阳能利用、水净化效益、可持续性能以及应用场景等方面的优势，总结分析超浸润光热复合材料在水净化领域的应用现状。最后，对超浸润光热复合材料在水净化领域中现有的局限性和未来的前景进行阐述与展望。Abstract: Currently, the pollution of global water resources and the scarcity of fresh water are increasingly severe. The pressing need for research on purifying and reusing unconventional water resources such as seawater, brackish water, industrial wastewater, and domestic sewage necessitates an effective, environmentally friendly, and low-carbon solution strategy that harnesses the synergistic effect of specialized wetting materials and photothermal conversion. This paper begins by summarizing the research status of conventional water purification materials while highlighting their advantages, disadvantages, and challenges in current technology. Subsequently, it systematically discusses the action mechanism and research progress of individual specialized wetting materials and photothermal conversion materials in the field of water purification. Furthermore, it thoroughly analyzes the synergistic mechanism and working principle between specialized wetting effects and photothermal effects at an application level in water purification. The analysis includes examining their advantages in solar energy utilization, benefits to water purification processes, sustainability performance aspects as well as application scenarios. Additionally summarized is an analysis of the current application status of super-wetted photothermal composites within the field of water purification. Finally, this paper expounds upon existing limitations while prospecting future prospects for super-wetted photothermal composites within the realm of water purification.
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图 1 TFC-0D以及TFC-1D水分输运机理示意图(a)[13]，在CA载体上制备GOZMs的实验过程示意图及其选择性保留染料分子的分离机理示意图(b)[14]，ZIF-67染料吸附机理示意图(c)[20]，Ti/Ti4O7电化学氧化示意图(d)[22]
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of TFC-0D and TFC-1D water transport mechanisms (a)[13], Schematic diagram of the experimental process of preparing GOZMs on CA carrier and the separation mechanism of their selective retention dye molecules (b)[14], Schematic diagram of ZIF-67Dye adsorption mechanism (c)[20], Schematic diagram of electrochemical oxidation of Ti/Ti4O7 (d)[22]
图 2 膜在油水分离和重金属离子吸附示意图(a)[40]，Janus多孔膜实现油下定向水传输(b)[43]，Janus膜针对不同油水乳液的分离机理(c)[44]，Janus海绵用于同时去除染料污染物和油/水乳液分离(d)[46]
Figure 2. Schematic diagram use in oil-water separation and heavy metal ion adsorption (a)[40], Janus porous membranes enable directional water transfer under oil (b)[43], Janus membrane for the separation mechanism of different oil-water emulsions (c)[44], Janus sponge is used to simultaneously remove dye contaminants and oil/water emulsion separation (d)[46]
图 4 聚吡咯超分子气凝胶蒸发示意图(a)[57]，在光照下Pt纳米颗粒和NiO纳米片协同抗菌(b)[60]，光热抗菌织物的光热效益及其抗菌应用(c)[61]
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of evaporation of polypyrrole supramolecular aerogel (a)[57], Pt nanoparticles and NiO nanosheets synergistically antimicrobial under light (b)[60], Photothermal benefits of photothermal antimicrobial fabrics and their antimicrobial applications (c)[61]
图 5 Janus型太阳能蒸发器淡化示意图及其抗盐演示(a)[67]，在太阳光照下促进油相吸收过程(b)[71]，油相蒸发及其收集过程(c)[72]，马兰戈尼效应引起物体运动的示意图(d)[73]
Figure 5. Schematic diagram of Janus-type solar evaporator desalination and its salt resistance (a)[67], Promotes the oil phase absorption process under sunlight (b)[71], Oil phase evaporation and its collection process (c)[72], Schematic diagram of the motion of an object caused by the Marangoni effect (d)[73]
图 6 LFSTM的横截面示意图及局部放大细节(a)[88]，可用于盐碱水淡化的具有防油、光热转换性能的超亲水复合气凝胶示意图(b)[89]，用于太阳能热蒸发的Janus木材蒸发器示意图(c)[90]，苦咸水离子的浓度淡化前后的变化(d)[91]
Figure 6. Cross-section schematic of LFSTM and partial enlarged details (a)[88], Schematic of the superhydrophilic composite aerogel with anti-oil-fouling and light-to-heat conversion properties for saline alkali water desalination (b)[89], Schematic of a Janus wood evaporator for solar-thermal evaporation (c)[90], Changes in the concentration of brackish water ions before and after desalination (d)[91]
图 7 集水器及其太阳能驱动水净化示意图(a)[96]，ACP/ TPAC以及DPAC对生活污水以及工业废水的淡化(b)[96]，CS/BFs/C@MOF对有机染料的吸附演示(c)[99]
Figure 7. Schematic of the evaporation process of polymer wastewater collector (a)[96], Comparison of domestic wastewater evaporation rate between ACP, TPAC and DPAC with industrial wastewater evaporation rate at 1.0 kW·m−2 optical power (b)[96], Demonstration of adsorption of organic dyes by CS/BFs/C@MOF (c)[99]
图 8 PDMS/CNF@PU纳米纤维膜制备过程示意图(a)[105]，原油渗透CF@PDA/CNT织物内部所需时间(左为无光条件下，右为光照条件下)(b)[106]，STA/PDA@cotton织物的自愈机理示意图(c)[107]
Figure 8. Schematic showing the preparation progress of the PDMS/CNF@PU nanofiber membrane (a)[105], Time required for crude oil to penetrate CF@PDA/CNT fabric (left under no light conditions, right under light conditions) (b)[106], Schematic diagram of the self-healing mechanism of STA/PDA@cotton fabric (c)[107]
表 1 不同类型的水净化材料对比
Table 1. Comparison of different types of water purification materials
Type Advantage Disadvantage Target contaminant Ref. Membrane type Low cost, easy to operate and good effect Limited permeability, low selectivity, high energy consumption and serious secondary pollution Oil, emulsion, dye, NaCl, heavy metal ion, bacteria [24, 25, 26, 27] Photocatalytic type Low cost, non-toxic and good chemical stability Low conversion efficiency and weak catalytic activity Organic pollutants, heavy metal ion [28, 29, 30] Adsorption type Simple design, flexible implementation and easy regeneration Difficulty in recycling and has secondary pollution dye, Oil, antibiotic
, heavy metal ion[31, 32, 33] Advanced oxidation type High catalytic capacity and good stability Secondary pollution, dependent on equipment Heavy metal ion, pharmaceutical contaminant, micropollutant, bacteria [34, 35] Flocculation type High efficiency, low cost and easy operation Difficulty in recycling Suspended solid, heavy metal ion, dye [36, 37] 
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表 2 不同类型的超浸润光热复合材料对比
Table 2. Comparison of different types of superwetting photothermal composites
Type Main application Ref. Superhydrophilic Increase the water exchange rate to ensure continuous photothermal
evaporation and contaminant removal[74, 75, 76] Superhydrophilic and superoleophobic Resist oil pollution and ensure the smooth flow of water transportation pipeline [77, 78, 79] Superhydrophobic and superoleophilic Adsorption of viscous oil phase/Optically-Driven [80, 81, 82] Asymmetric wettability(Janus structure) Self-cleaning to avoid the effects of salts and other contaminants on the material [83, 84, 85]
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