Effect of atmospheric pressure plasma modification on surface temperature and Mode-I fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced polymer
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摘要: 常压等离子改性被广泛应用于改善碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)的胶接性能，然而，等离子改性过程会造成CFRP表面温度升高，导致热变形、热内应力甚至破坏基材，因此，需要进一步优化工艺参数，获得满足工程使用要求的等离子改性效果。本文采用空气作为常压等离子的气源，测试了不同等离子改性参数下CFRP表面的温度，建立了表面温度与喷嘴高度、扫描速度之间的函数关系，实现了准确的表面温度预测(均方根误差2.7℃，最大偏差5.4℃)。并进一步优化了等离子改性的扫描路径，以减少改性过程中热量的累积效应。结合等离子改性对CFRP胶接性能的测试结果，最终确定了满足表面处理温度小于150℃条件下等离子改性的最佳工艺参数：喷嘴高度16 mm，扫描速度45 mm/s，扫描间距16 mm。此时，CFRP表面温度为143.9℃，I型断裂韧性提升至425 J/m2 (相比原始状态提升约534.3%)，失效模式由界面改善为混合失效。该研究结果旨在找到表面温度与性能提升的最佳等离子改性工艺参数，对于等离子改性工艺在CFRP中的工程应用具有重要参考价值。Abstract: Atmospheric pressure plasma modification has been commonly applied to improving the adhesive bonding performance of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP). However, plasma modification generally induces a high temperature on material surface, and causes thermal deformation, internal stress, and even damage to the CFRP. Therefore, it is necessary to further optimize the process parameters of plasma modification effects to meet the requirements of engineering application. This article uses air as the source of atmospheric pressure plasma to study surface temperature of CFRP under different process parameters. The functional relationship was established between surface temperature, nozzle height, and scanning speed, achieving accurate prediction for plasma-induced surface temperature (root mean square error of 2.7℃, maximum deviation of 5.4℃). Then, the scanning path of plasma modification was further optimized to reduce the cumulative effect of heat during the modification process. Based on the test results of plasma modification on the bonding performance of CFRP, the optimal process parameters were determined for plasma modification to control the surface treatment temperature less than 150℃, i.e. a nozzle height of 16 mm, a scanning speed of 45 mm/s, and a scanning spacing of 16mm, where the surface temperature of CFRP is measured as 143.9℃. Consequently, the Mode-I fracture toughness is increased to 425 J/m2 (approximately 534.3% higher than the original state), and the failure mode is improved from interface to mixed failure. The research results aim to find the optimal process of parameters plasma modification with consideration of surface temperature and adhesive bonding performance, which provides valuable and practical information to the engineering application of plasma modification processes for CFRP materials.
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Key words:
- plasma /
- surface modification /
- CFRP /
- temperature /
- bonding performance
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图 2 等离子喷嘴相对于试样表面的运动轨迹
Figure 2. Motion trajectory of the plasma nozzle relative to the surface of the sample
图 3 红外热像仪测量碳纤维复合材料表面温度
Figure 3. Measurement of surface temperature of carbon fiber composite materials using infrared thermal imager
图 4 等离子改性温度测试区域示意图
Figure 4. Schematic diagram of plasma treatment temperature testing area
图 5 双悬臂梁(DCB)胶接试样制样工艺流程图
Figure 5. Double cantilever beam (DCB) adhesive sample preparation process flowchart
图 8 DCB测试平台：(a) 实验设备；(b) DIC成像画面
Figure 8. DCB testing platform: (a) Experimental equipment; (b) DIC imaging screen
图 9 碳纤维复合材料表面温度随等离子工艺参数的变化：(a)表面温度随喷嘴高度的变化；(b)表面温度随扫描速度的变化
Figure 9. Variation of surface temperature of carbon fiber composite materials with plasma treatment parameters: (a) Variation of treatment temperature with scanning speed; (b) Variation of treatment temperature with nozzle height
图 10 实验测得碳纤维复合材料表面温度与多项式拟合结果对比
Figure 10. Comparison of Experimental Measurement and Polynomial Fitting Values of CFRP materials
图 11 16 mm喷嘴高度不同扫描速度下处理温度
Figure 11. Processing temperature at different scanning speeds with 16 mm nozzle height
图 12 等离子改性温度测试区域示意图
Figure 12. Schematic diagram of plasma treatment temperature testing area
图 13 不同行间距下测试温度随测试区域的变化
Figure 13. Variation of testing temperature with different line spacing in the testing area
图 14 等离子表面处理路径优化示意图
Figure 14. Schematic diagram of plasma surface treatment path optimization
图 15 碳纤维复合材料表面物理形貌(SEM)：(a)对照组；(b)P16-16-15
Figure 15. Surface physical morphology (SEM) of carbon fiber composite materials: (a) Control Group; (b) P16-16-15
图 16 等离子体处理前后 CFRP 试样表面 XPS 图谱
Figure 16. Surface XPS spectra of CFRP specimens before and after plasma treatment
图 17 等离子体处理前后 CFRP 试样表面 XPS 光谱
Figure 17. Surface XPS spectra of CFRP specimens before and after plasma treatment
图 18 不同等离子改性参数下CFRP 胶接接头Ⅰ型层间断裂韧性GIc测试结果
Figure 18. Mode I interlaminar fracture toughness GIc test results of CFRP adhesive joint under different plasma treatment parameters
图 20 失效表面光学显微镜观察结果：(a)对照组；(b) P16-16-15；(c) P16-16-35；(d) P16-16-55
Figure 20. Observation results of failure surface under optical microscope: (a) Control group; (b) P16-16-15; (c) P16-16-35; (d) P16-16-55
表 1 等离子改性正交实验因素水平表
Table 1. Horizontal table of orthogonal experimental factors for plasma treatment
Level Factor H/mm L/mm V/(mm·s−1) 1 12 4 15 2 14 8 25 3 16 12 35 4 18 16 45 5 20 20 55 Notes：H is the nozzle height; L is the scanning line spacing; V is the scanning speed. 
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表 2 等离子改性温度测试结果表
Table 2. Table of plasma treatment temperature test results
No. Code T/℃ SD/℃ No. Code T/℃ SD/℃ 1 P12-4-15 275.0 0.0 14 P16-16-15 195.0 0.7 2 P12-8-25 251.3 2.2 15 P16-20-25 168.6 0.5 3 P12-12-35 219.5 0.5 16 P18-4-45 128.6 2.1 4 P12-16-45 197.5 2.9 17 P18-8-55 123.0 0.4 5 P12-20-55 178.7 2.3 18 P18-12-15 170.3 0.7 6 P14-4-25 195.8 1.6 19 P18-16-25 151.5 1.4 7 P14-8-35 177.7 2.9 20 P18-20-35 138.3 1.9 8 P14-12-45 155.9 0.9 21 P20-4-55 112.9 0.7 9 P14-16-55 152.4 1.5 22 P20-8-15 159.1 1.5 10 P14-20-15 219.4 3.4 23 P20-12-25 134.6 0.8 11 P16-4-35 154.2 1.0 24 P20-16-35 128.2 1.1 12 P16-8-45 143.9 0.7 25 P20-20-45 118.2 0.8 13 P16-12-55 130.3 1.3 Notes：The code in the table represents: P(nozzle height H)-(scan line spacing L)-(nozzle movement speed V). The surface temperature of sample P12-4-15 has exceeded the maximum measurement value of the infrared thermal imager (275℃) during processing. T is the average temperature of the three tested points, and SD is the standard deviation of the three tested temperatures.
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表 3 等离子处理前后 CFRP 试样表面主要化学元素组成及其所占比例
Table 3. Main chemical element composition and proportion on the surface of CFRP specimens before and after plasma treatment
C1s/
Atomic %N1s/
Atomic %O1s/
Atomic %F1s/
Atomic %As-received 63.31 2.00 13.96 18.66 D16-16-35 53.12 8.46 27.67 6.91
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