Research progress on mechanical performance optimization and functional design of additive manufactured biomimetic structures
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摘要: 仿生结构能够克服传统结构和材料的缺陷，并能突破一些困难从而实现高性能和功能。增材制造(3D打印)技术可以实现复杂结构的成型，从而可以制备出具有优越力学性能和更多样化功能的仿生结构。随着增材制造技术的不断发展，增材制造技术与仿生结构设计的结合越来越受到人们的关注。同时，增材制造仿生结构具有良好的力学性能和功能，在航空航天、轨道交通、机械工业、生物医学工程等领域受到关注。本文总结了近年来3D打印仿生结构的研究进展，主要集中在力学性能优化和功能方面。优化的力学性能主要包括吸能、高强度、高刚度等，而功能则与传感、驾驶、医学等有关。最后，本文对增材制造仿生结构的优势、现有研究局限性和未来发展进行了展望。
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关键词:
- 增材制造 /
- 仿生结构 /
- 力学性能 /
- 功能设计 文献标志码:A
Abstract: Biomimetic structures can overcome the shortcomings of traditional structures and materials, and break through some difficulties to achieve high performance and functions. Additive manufacturing (3D printing) technology can achieve the formation of complex structures, making it possible to prepare biomimetic structures with superior mechanical properties and more diverse functions. With the continuous development of additive manufacturing technology, the combination of additive manufacturing technology and biomimetic structure design is receiving increasing interests. Simultaneously, additive manufactured biomimetic structures have good mechanical properties and functions, that has attracted attentions in the fields such as aerospace, rail transportation, mechanical industry, and biomedical engineering, etc. This article summarizes the research progress on 3D printed biomimetic structures in recent years, majorly focusing on mechanical performance optimization and functionality. The optimized mechanical properties mainly include energy absorption, high strength, and high stiffness, while the functions are related to sensing, driving, medicine and so on. Finally, this article provides an outlook on the advantages, existing research limitations, and future development of additive manufactured biomimetic structures.-
Key words:
- Additive manufacturing /
- Bionic structure /
- Mechanical properties /
- Functional design
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图 1 增材制造仿生结构总结：高吸能结构[20][21]；高强度结构[32][35]；高刚度结构[36] [40]；传感结构[41][46]；驱动结构[47][50]；医学功能结构[57][59]；其它功能结构[61][62]。
Figure 1. Additive manufactured biomimetic structures: high-energy-absorbing structures [20][21]; high-strength structures [32][35]; high-stiffness structures [36] [40]; sensing structures [41][46]; drive structures [47][50]; medical functional structures [57][59]; other functional structures [61][62].
图 2 管状吸能结构：(a)受竹子结构启发的薄壁管状结构[20]；(b)受竹子微观结构启发的嵌套蜂窝管结构[21]；(c)新型仿生双管薄壁结构[22]；(d)管状分层管结构[23]。
Figure 2. Tubular energy-absorbing structures: (a) thin-walled tubular structure inspired by bamboo structures [20]; (b) nested honeycomb tube structure inspired by the microstructure of bamboo [21]; (c) novel bionic double-tube thin-walled structure [22]; (d) tubular layered pipe structure[23]
图 4 夹心吸能结构：(a)轻质仿生双正弦波纹(DCS)夹层结构[28]；(b)电镜下啄木鸟上喙微观结构[29]；(c)新型仿生多孔蜂窝夹层板[30]；(d)仿叶片加强夹层结构[31]。
Figure 4. Sandwich energy-absorbing structures: (a) lightweight bionic double sinusoidal corrugated (DCS) sandwich structure [28]; (b) microstructure of upper beak of a woodpecker under electron microscopy [29]; (c) novel biomimetic porous honeycomb sandwich panel [30]; (d) reinforcement of the sandwich structure derived from leaves [31]
图 8 传感仿生材料：(a)仿乌贼骨骼压电传感器[41]；(b)仿跳蚤柔性压力传感器[42]；(c)超灵敏仿生传感器[43]；(d)软自愈聚脲模型系统[44]；(e)发光种子状飞翔器[45]；(f)离子液体软材料[46]
Figure 8. Sensing biomimetic materials: (a) squid-like bone piezoelectric sensors [41]; (b) flea-like flexible pressure sensor [42]; (c) ultra-sensitive biomimetic sensors [43]; (d) soft self-healing polyurea model system [44]; (e) luminescent seed-like hoverboard [45]; (f) ionic liquid soft materials[46]
图 9 仿生驱动结构：(a)软刚性混合机器鱼[47]；(b)假手中植入磁性便签[48]；(c)仿含羞草金属仿生结构[49]；(d)气动人造肌肉[50]；(e)PGHN/ PLA变刚度结构[51]
Figure 9. Bionic drive structures: (a) soft-rigid hybrid robotic fish [47]; (b) implantation of magnetic sticky notes in the fake hand [48]; (c) mimosa-like metal biomimetic structure pneumatic artificial muscle [49]; (d) pneumatic artificial muscles[50]; (e)PGHN/ PLA variable stiffness structure[51]
图 10 生物医学工程结构：(a)模拟Haversian骨结构的生物陶瓷支架[53]；(b)仿生半月板支架[55]；(c)由表皮、真皮层和真皮组成的三层皮肤结构[56]；(d)活性注射微针[57]；(e)仿生神经探针系统[58]；(f)多维纳米褶皱结构[59]；(g)TPMS骨支架[54]
Figure 10. Biomedical engineering structures: (a) bioceramic scaffolds that mimic Haversian bone structure [53]; (b) bionic meniscus scaffolds [55]; (c) three-layer skin structure consisting of epidermis, dermis, and dermis [56]; (d) active injection microneedles [57]; (e) biomimetic neural probe system [58]; (f) multi-dimensional nanofold structure[59]; (g)TPMS bone scaffolds[54]
表 1 仿生结构的力学性能优化情况
Table 1. Optimization of mechanical properties of biomimetic structures
Bionic structure Researchers Optimization of mechanical properties References Thin-walled energy-absorbing and impact-resistant structure
Zou et al
The SEA is 35.03 J/g
[20]
BHTNS
Hu et al
The SEA is 51.7 J/g
[21]
BBTS
Xiang et al
It is 10% higher than the SEA of the original biomimetic structure.
[22]
Tendon-like tubular layered
tube
Tsang and Raza et alThe peak total energy of the second-order and third-order layered tubes is reduced by 75% and 89%, respectively, compared with the first-order tubes.
[23]
Layered foam construction
Fan et alThe energy absorption capacity of SEA is 40.0% to 73.0% higher than that of foam cylinders made of aluminum alone.
[24]Cylindrical cavity porous structure Tane et al The energy absorbed is six times higher than that of foam structures with isotropic pores
[25]Foam aluminium construction Rhee et al Biomimetic foam structure increases by 10% to 30% compared to SEA of other natural macroporous foam structures
[26]Biomimetic porous structure Zhang et al The SEA is 13.2 J/g [27]
A novel lightweight bio-inspired double-sine corrugated (DSC) sandwich structure
Yang et alCompared with conventional sinusoidal corrugated core sandwich structure, specific absorbed energy SEA of the bionic double sinusoidal corrugated sandwich structure is 1.7 times that of sandwich structure.
[28]
BHSP
San Ha et alThe specific energy absorption of the new sandwich panel is 1.25 times that of the standard honeycomb sandwich panel.
[30]Soft honeycomb core with reinforced sandwich structure
Sun et alThe specific energy absorption ratio is 125% higher than that of traditional honeycomb sandwich panels.
[31]Bionic honeycomb structure inspired by horseshoe
Yang et alCompared with the traditional honeycomb structure, the compressive strength of the horseshoe honeycomb structure is increased by 43.8%
[32]Novel layered porous structure-hexagonal material
Zhang et alThe specific energy absorption of the layered honeycomb structure is about 15% higher than that of the standard honeycomb structure.
[33]
Porous honeycomb structure
He et alCompared with the ordinary honeycomb structure, the specific strength of the first-class and second-level spider webs increased by 62.1% and 82.4%, respectively
[34]New lightweight TPMS core sandwich structure
Peng et alWhen the relative density of TPMS nuclei is 0.35 and 0.5, the maximum load is about 15.9 N and 23.1 N, respectively, which are significantly increased.
[35]Ultra-light gyroscope structure inspired by butterflies Marco Pelanconi et al The maximum load of the carbon fiber reinforced structure is 180% higher than that of the unreinforced structure.
[36]New structure with improved mechanical properties of rod Tavangarian et al Compared to solid rods, NCSs have higher stiffness and a slower fracture process [38]
Two bead layer structureJigar Patadiya et al Compared with the neat NC sample, the impact resistance of the bead-layer structure NS is 112.098 J/m (9.37%), 803.415 MPa (11.23%), and 1563 MPa (10.85%), all of which were higher than NC.
[39]Bi-continuum structure Sun et al Compared with pure ceramics, the toughness is about 116 times higher. [40] Notes: SEA are specific absorption;BHTNS are bionic honeycomb tubular nested structure;BBTS are bionic bi-tubular thin-walled structure;BHSP are a novel bio-inspired honeycomb sandwich panel based on the microstructure of a woodpeckers beak is proposed. 
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