Research progress of biomass cellulose based daytime radiative cooling materials
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摘要: 辐射制冷是一种通过红外辐射来实现降温的零能耗的被动降温技术，对缓解全球气候变暖和能源消耗具有重要意义。目前现有的日间辐射制冷材料主要为光子晶体、光学超材料、无机涂层等石油基材料，其价格昂贵、生产工艺复杂且不可再生，而纤维素作为一种可再生可降解的生物质，其具有高红外发射率、绿色可再生以及易加工等特性，在日间辐射制冷领域表现出巨大的应用前景。基于此，本文从辐射制冷的基本原理出发，介绍了日间辐射制冷的物理光学机制，综述了近几年薄膜类、织物类、气凝胶类、结构块材类等不同结构形态纤维素辐射制冷材料的研究进展，从微纳米尺度上阐释了纤维素不同尺寸结构对日间辐射制冷性能的影响机制，并展望了纤维素基辐射制冷材料在高功率、动态及智能化生物质辐射制冷材料领域的应用优势和前景。Abstract: Radiative cooling is a zero-consumption passive cooling technology, which can realize cooling via infrared radiation, showing great application in mitigating global warming and energy consumption. To date, traditional daytime radiative cooling materials are produced from petroleum, such as photonics, optical metamaterials, inorganic coatings, which are costly, complex to process, and unrenewable. Biomass cellulose show great application in daytime radiative cooling field due to its high infrared emissivity, renewable, and easy processable property. In this paper, based on the fundamental principle of radiative cooling, the physical and optical mechanism of daytime radiative cooling was firstly discussed. We divided the cellulose based daytime radiative cooling materials into cooling films, cooling fabrics, cooling aerogels, and cooling structural materials based on the structure and morphology. We also elucidated the mechanism of the influence of different structures of cellulose on the daytime radiative cooling performance at the micro and nano scales. Finally, the future research and development direction of cellulose-based radiative cooling materials are discussed: the biomass based daytime radiative cooling materials with high cooling power and dynamic/smart function is highly demand in the future.
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Key words:
- radiative cooling /
- cellulose /
- micro/nano structure /
- reflection /
- radiation
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图 1 日间辐射制冷的物理学机制. (a) 日间辐射制冷中的辐射换热过程；(b) 日间辐射制冷的热平衡状态
Figure 1. Physical mechanism of daytime radiative cooling. (a) Radiative heat-exchange process of daytime radiative cooling; (b) Thermal balance of daytime radiative cooling
图 2 纤维素的结构与性质. (a) 纤维素的多层次结构(红色箭头代表化学结构诱导的高红外发射)[15]；(b) 纳米纤维素的电镜图和本征优势[16, 17]
Figure 2. Structure and property of cellulose. (a) Hierarchical structure of cellulose (arrow represents high infrared emissivity attributed to the chemical structure of cellulose[15]; (b) SEM images and advantages of nanocellulose[16, 17].
图 3 纳米纤维素辐射制冷透光薄膜的制备及性能[18, 20, 21]. (a) 纳米纤维素/SiO2辐射制冷薄膜；(b) 具有结构色的纳米纤维素辐射制冷薄膜的制备及实物图；(c) 具有结构色的纳米纤维素/乙基纤维素二元结构辐射制冷材料的光学散射机制和偏光显微镜图
Figure 3. Preparation and performance of cellulose based aerogel cooler[18, 20, 21]. (a) Nanocellulose/SiO2 based transparent radiative cooler; (b) Preparation and optical image of CNC radiative cooler with structural color; (c) Optical scattering mechanism and POM images of CNC/EC radiative cooling materials
图 4 具有孔结构纤维素基辐射制冷膜的制备及性能[25, 32, 33]. (a) 多孔纤维素辐射制冷膜的散射/辐射机制及微观形貌图；(b) 采用离子液体制备多孔纤维素辐射制冷薄膜及其热管理性能；(c) 纤维素/AlPO4多孔辐射制冷膜的实物图以及日间辐射制冷效果
Figure 4. Preparation and performance of porous cellulose based cooler[25, 32, 33]. (a) The scattering, radiation mechanism and microstructure of porous cellulose radiative cooling film; (b) The thermal regulation performance of porous cellulose cooling film by using ionic liquid; (c) The optical images of cellulose/AlPO4 porous radiative cooling film and its daytime radiative cooling performance
图 5 纤维素辐射制冷织物的制备及性能[36, 39, 40]. (a) 纤维素织物的辐射制冷机制和微观结构；(b) 纤维素/MgO复合织物的辐射制冷示意图和柔性演示图；(c) 静电纺丝制备纤维素织物和其微观结构
Figure 5. Preparation and performance of cellulose based fabric cooler[36, 39, 40]. (a) The radiative cooling mechanism and microstructure of cellulose fabric; (b) The radiative cooling mechanism and flexibility of cellulose/MgO fabric; (c) Preparation of cellulose fabric via electrospinning and its microstructure
图 6 纤维素基辐射制冷气凝胶的制备及性能[43, 44]. (a) 纳米纤维素辐射制冷气凝胶；(b) 仿生表面超结构的纳米纤维素辐射制冷气凝胶的光学散射机制；(c) 具有自清洁功能的纳米纤维素辐射制冷气凝胶在微米尺度、纳米尺度和分子尺度的太阳光反射/辐射机制.
Figure 6. Preparation and performance of cellulose based aerogel cooler[43, 44]. (a) Nanocellulose based aerogel cooler; (b) Optical scattering mechanism of bioinspired nanocellulose aerogel cooler with metasurface; (c) Solar reflectivity and infrared emissivity mechanism of nanocellulose aerogel cooler at micro/nano/molecular level
图 7 纤维素基辐射制冷结构材料的制备及性能[50-52, 54]. (a) 辐射制冷木材；(b) 纤维素/SiO2复合辐射制冷结构材料的制备过程；(c) 辐射制冷木材的户外红外相机图；(d) 纤维素基辐射制冷窗户的热管理机制
Figure 7. Preparation and performance of cellulose based structural cooler[50-52, 54]. (a) Radiative cooling wood; (b) Preparation of cellulose/SiO2 based structural cooler; (c) IR image of radiative cooling outdoor; (d) Heat regulation mechanism of cellulose based radiative cooling window
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