图  1  不同维度的3种光子晶体(PC)模型：(a) 1D PC结构；(b) 2D PC结构；(c) 3D PC结构

Figure  1.  Three kinds of photonic crystal (PC) models in different dimensions: (a) 1D PC structure; (b) 2D PC structure; (c) 3D PC structure

图  2  产生结构色的光学效应和PC显色结构的示意图：(a) 多层膜干涉效应；(b) 光栅衍射效应；(c) 相干散射效应；(d) 非相干散射效应^[9]；(e) PC；(f) 非晶PC^[13]

Figure  2.  Schematic diagram of optical effects that produce structural color and color structure of PC: (a) Multi-film interference effect; (b) Diffraction effect of grating; (c) Coherent scattering effect; (d) Incoherent scattering effect^[9]; (e) PC; (f) Amorphous PC^[13]

d_A, d_B—Thickness of A and B; n_A, n_B—Refractive index of A and B; θ_A, θ_B—Angle of refraction at A and B; θ₁, θ₂—Angle of incidence and diffraction; d—Groove spacing in (b); d—Lattice spacing in (e); θ—Angle of incidence

图  3  光子晶体纤维(PCFs)的制备方法^{[14, 32-35]}

Figure  3.  Preparation method of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs)^{[14, 32-35]}

v—Drawing speed; k—Layer number of colloid coating; L—Meniscus height; C—Carbon; NIPAM—N-isopropylacrylamide; MBAAM—N, N-methylene-bisacrylamide; APS—Ammonium persulfate; CNCs—Colloidal nanocrystal clusters; TEMED—N, N, N', N'-tetramethylethy-lenediamine

图  4  静电纺丝制备PCFs：(a) 纳米粒子与高分子聚合物前驱液通过静电纺丝技术及后处理制备PC结构色纤维 ^[32]；(b) 静电纺丝制备ZnO种子层及其显色 ^[12]

Figure  4.  Preparation of PCFs by electrospinning: (a) PC structured color fibers were prepared by electrospinning and post-processing of nanoparticles and polymer precursor solution^[32]; (b) ZnO seed layer prepared by electrospinning and its color rendering^[12]

图  5  微流控纺丝法制备SiO₂ PCFs^[33]

Figure  5.  Preparation of SiO₂ PCFs by microfluidic spinning^[33]

图  6  挤压固化法制备磁性Fe₃O₄粒子混合聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺凝胶1D链状热响应PCFs^[14]

Figure  6.  1D chain thermal response PCFs of magnetic Fe₃O₄ particle mixed poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) gel prepared by extrusion curing method^[14]

图  7  制备反蛋白石PCFs^[34]

Figure  7.  Preparation of anti-opal PCFs^[34]

图  8  将玻璃纤维垂直浸渍到胶体分散体中并保留玻璃纤维模板得到PCFs^[35]

Figure  8.  PCFs obtained by glass fiber vertically impregnated into colloidal dispersion and the glass fiber template retained^[35]

图  9  依次喷涂SiO₂胶体粒子和聚丙烯酸酯(PA)制备彩色聚酯(PET)织物的示意图及其微观形貌^[58]

Figure  9.  Schematic diagram and microstructures of color polyester (PET) fabric prepared by spraying SiO₂ colloidal particles and polyacrylate (PA) in turn^[58]

图  10  由PCFs编制的手链 (a)、带图案的织物 (b) 及纤维的应力变色 (c)^[54]

Figure  10.  Bracelet made by PCFs (a), patterned fabric (b) and stress discoloration of such fibers (c)^[54]

图  11  应用机械变色电子纺织品(MET)传感器检测人体关节运动^[28]

Figure  11.  Mechanochromic electronic textile (MET) sensor used to detect human joint motion^[28]

Δλ—Wavelength difference; R—Real-time resistances; ΔR—Real-time resistance change amount; R₀—Initial resistances; ΔR/R₀—Gauge factor

图  12  SiO₂-PA/PET织物的可图案化 (a)、透气性 (b)、角度依赖特性及其大规模合成的潜力 (c)^[58]

Figure  12.  Patternability (a), air permeability (b), angle-dependent properties and their potential for large-scale synthesis (c) of SiO₂-PA/PET fabrics^[58]

图  13  基于反蛋白石碳纤维电极的可穿戴眼健康监测传感器^[68]

Figure  13.  Wearable eye health monitoring sensor based on inverse opal carbon fiber electrode^[68]

d₁, d₂—Distance between the two electrodes; d—Plate distance; A—Twin electrode-based supercapacitor for eye-movement monitoring; B—Parallel electrodes for tear glucose sensing; C—Parallel electrodes for tear lactoferrin sensing; C₀—Capacitance initial value; ΔC—Capacitance change amount

图  14  基于热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)/Fe₃O₄/PC纤维薄膜制备磁驱动动态仿生蝴蝶^[70]

Figure  14.  Magnetically driven dynamic biomimetic butterfly fabricated by thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU)/Fe₃O₄/PC fiber film^[70]

图  15  聚碳酸酯和聚偏氟乙烯制备的PCFs的不同颜色 ((a), (b))、微观形貌(c)及其接触角(d)^[71]

Figure  15.  Different colors ((a), (b)), morphology (c), and contact angle (d) of PCFs prepared by polycarbonate and polyvinylidene fluoride^[71]

图  16  不同类别的3D打印PCFs^[72]

Figure  16.  Different classes of 3D printed PCFs^[72]