基于直写成型的环氧复合材料网格结构制备及其增强增韧机制

张行乐; 仰钧毅; 程昌利; 刘禹; 王震宇

基于直写成型的环氧复合材料网格结构制备及其增强增韧机制

张行乐¹,
仰钧毅¹,
程昌利³,
刘禹^{1, 2},
王震宇^{1, 2, ,}

1.
江南大学　机械工程学院, 无锡 214122
2.
江南大学　江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室, 无锡 214122
3.
无锡市江大隔振器有限公司, 无锡 214024

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51905216)；“太湖之光”科技攻关计划项目(G20212034)；江苏省食品先进制造装备技术重点实验室自主研究课题资助项目(FMZ202201)

详细信息

通讯作者:
王震宇，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为纳米复合材料的增材制造工艺　E-mail: zywang@jiangnan.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-11-08
- 修回日期: 2022-12-12
- 录用日期: 2022-12-17
- 网络出版日期: 2023-01-13

Direct ink writing of epoxy-based composite lattice and its strengthening and toughening mechanism

Xingle ZHANG¹,
Junyi YANG¹,
Changli CHENG³,
Yu LIU^{1, 2},
Zhenyu WANG^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
2.
Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
3.
Jiangda Vibration Isolator Co., Ltd, Wuxi 214024, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (51905216); The Wuxi “Taihu light” science and technology research project (G20212034); Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment & Technology (FMZ202201)

摘要

摘要: Objectives Epoxy-based composites have been extensively applied in areas such as aerospace and automobile engineering. However, the brittle nature of epoxy resin significantly hindering their applications in practical engineering fields. To simultaneously improve the strength and toughness of the composites, a lattice structure constructed by rationally assembled strengthening and toughening zones is designed. The corresponded direct ink writing fabrication technique is developed, and the effect of inner structure on the mechanical properties is explored. Methods The printability and formation quality of the composite ink materials were characterized using rotational rheometer and optical microscope. The 3D printing process was conducted in a gantry-type 3D printer. An universal testing machine was used to test the mechanical properties of the epoxy-based composite lattices with different structural parameters. Based on the scanning electron microscopy and finite element modeling results, the strengthening and toughening mechanism of the epoxy-based composite lattices were studied. Results The structural parameters have a great impact on the strength and toughness of the composite lattices. Through regulation of the structural parameters, precise predicted and tunable mechanical properties can be achieved. From the rheological analysis, it is found that: 1. The viscosity of the epoxy-based composite ink increases with the increasing filler content and exhibits a shear thinning behavior, which makes it easy to be extruded from the printing nozzle. 2. The storage modulus of the composite ink is one order of magnitude higher than the loss modulus before the shear yield point, indicating its good solid behavior and the capability of retaining its original shape without collapse after extrusion. The optical images show that the epoxy-based composites fabricated by direct ink writing possess highly ordered lattice structure with uniform and adjustable filaments, which verifies the rationality of the printing parameters chosen. It is concluded from the mechanical property analysis that: 1. The toughness of composite increases significantly with the increase of distance between two adjacent filaments, accompanied by a slight decrease of the strength. 2. The specific strength, toughness and fracture toughness of the epoxy-based composite lattices are greatly improved compared with the solid epoxy-based composite and the cellular composites with only toughening zones. From the fracture surface analysis and finite element modeling, it is concluded that the strength and toughness are simultaneously improved because: 1. The rigid particles prevent the crack propagation inside the composite matrix. 2. The toughening zones effectively prevents the crack growth, which leads to a large amount of energy consumption. 3. The lattice structure can enhance the toughness of the composites, while reducing the density of the composite. In addition, the highly ordered lattice structure can effectively sharing the external deformation by deformation of the unit cells. The strengthening zones have the capability of ensuring the stability of the structure. 4. The larger distance between two adjacent filaments lead to the better deformation ability of the lattice structures, making tunable and predictable mechanical properties possible.Conclusions: In this work, epoxy-based composite lattice was fabricated through one step direct ink writing technique. The specific strength, toughness, and fracture toughness of the resultant composite lattices deliver enhancements of 94.78%, 482%, and 17.4%, respectively, compared with the solid composite. The experimental and finite element analysis show that the toughening zones in the composite lattice can effectively prevent the rapid propagation of the cracks and dissipate the external deformation through the deformation of the lattice structure, and the strengthening zone has the function of ensuring the structural strength and supporting the deformation of the toughening zone. The above synergistic effects make the epoxy-based composite have simultaneously high strength and high toughness.
- 环氧复合材料 /
- 3D打印 /
- 直写 /
- 增强增韧 /
- 网格结构
Abstract: Due to the high strength and lightweight, epoxy-based composite have extremely application value in the fields of aerospace and automotive. However, the brittle nature of epoxy resin significantly hindering their application in actual engineering, it is a great challenge to improve the strength and toughness of epoxy-based composite. Herein, we develop an architecture epoxy-based composite lattice with strengthening zones and toughening zones, which are rationally assembled into a layered structure and fabricated by direct ink writing (DIW, a kind of 3D Printing). The physical and chemical properties of epoxy-based composite and filaments were characterized by rotational rheometer and optical microscope, and a universal testing machine were used to test the mechanical properties of epoxy-based composite lattice with different structure. It is indicating that the specific strength, toughness and fracture toughness of epoxy-based composite lattice were increased by 94.78%, 482% and 17.4% compared to solid composite, respectively. From the fracture surfaces and finite element analysis, it can be concluded that the strengthening zones ensure the structural strength, the toughening zones can effectively share the external deformation and prevent the crack propagation. The current research provides a new idea for the design of structural nanocomposites and a theoretical basis for the fabrication and engineering application of high strength and toughness epoxy-based composite.
- epoxy-based composite /
- 3D printing /
- direct ink writing /
- strengthening and toughening /
- lattice

HTML全文

图 1 (a)环氧复合材料网格结构示意图；打印样品照片: (b)三角形, (c)圆形, (d)五角星, (e-g)不同尺寸的正方形

Figure 1. (a) Schematic of the epoxy-based composite lattice structure; Digital images of the 3 D-Printed samples with (b) triangle, (c) circular, (d) pentagonal, and (e-g) square shapes with different sizes

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图 2 不同SiO₂含量的环氧复合材料(a)黏度和(b)模量曲线; (c)打印线宽随挤出气压和打印速度的变化

Figure 2. (a) Viscosity and (b) Moduli of the epoxy-based composite inks containing different SiO₂ content; (c) Filament diameter as functions of the extrusion pressure and the printing speed

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图 3 环氧复合材料网格的光学图像: (a) SZ结构, (e) TZ结构(TZ-0.5); (b) TZ-0.4, (c) TZ-0.5, (d) TZ-0.6, (f) ECL-0.4, (g) ECL-0.5, (h) ECL-0.6的截面形貌

Figure 3. Optical images of the epoxy-based composite lattice: (a) SZ structure, (e) TZ-0.5; Cross-sectional view of (b) TZ-0.4, (c) TZ-0.5, (d) TZ-0.6, (f) ECL-0.4, (g) ECL-0.5, (h) ECL-0.6

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图 4 不同结构环氧复合材料网格结构的力学特性: (a)弯曲应力-应变曲线; (b)比强度对比图; (c)韧性对比图; (d)Ⅰ型断裂韧性, K_IC

Figure 4. Mechanical properties of epoxy-based composite with different structures: (a) Flexural stress-strain curves; (b) Comparison of specific strength; (b) Comparison of toughness; (d) Mode I fracture toughness, K_IC

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图 5 ECL结构制样断裂面SEM图像

Figure 5. SEM images of the fracture surfaces of ECL structure

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图 6 不同线间距ECL结构弯曲特性的理论分析: (a) 应力-应变曲线; (b) 应变为1%-5%时线条的旋转角度; (c) ECL-0.4; (d) ECL-0.5; (e) ECL-0.6

Figure 6. Theoretical analysis of flexural properties of ECL structure with different distance between two adjacent filaments: (a) Stress-strain curves; (b) Rotation angle of the filaments at a strain of 1%-5%; (c) ECL-0.4; (d) ECL-0.5; (e) ECL-0.6

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表 1 环氧复合材料的材料属性

Table 1. Material properties of epoxy composites

Density/ (tonne·mm⁻³)	Elasticity Modulus/ MPa	Poisson Ratio	Brittle Cracking		Brittle Shear		Direct cracking failure strain
Density/ (tonne·mm⁻³)	Elasticity Modulus/ MPa	Poisson Ratio	Direct stress after cracking/ MPa	Direct cracking strain	Shear retention factor	Crack opening strain	Direct cracking failure strain
1.2×10⁻⁹	2333	0.35	50	0	1	0	1.8×10⁻⁵
1.2×10⁻⁹	2333	0.35	0	1.8×10⁻⁵	0	1.8×10⁻⁵	1.8×10⁻⁵

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