过渡金属磷化物基材料在电催化析氢中的改性策略：现状及展望

雷琬莹; 吴攀; 司渭滨; 赵亮; 谭自强; 杨鑫鑫; 乔明涛; 张婷婷

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231120.002

过渡金属磷化物基材料在电催化析氢中的改性策略：现状及展望

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231120.002

1.
西安建筑科技大学　材料科学与工程学院，西安 710055
2.
定西市产品质量监督检验所，定西 743000

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51902443)；陕西省教育厅重点研究项目(22JY039；22JY037)

详细信息

通讯作者:
雷琬莹，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为纳米复合材料、能源转化与利用　E-mail: leiwy@xauat.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB331
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-09-05
- 修回日期: 2023-11-03
- 录用日期: 2023-11-09
- 网络出版日期: 2023-11-21
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-01

Modification strategies of transition metal phosphide-based materials in electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution: Current status and prospect

1.
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
2.
Dingxi, Products Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Dingxi 743000, China

Funds: National Natural Science Foundation of China (51902443); Key Research Project of Shaanxi Education Department (22JY039; 22JY037)

摘要

摘要: 氢能作为一种零碳燃料，被认为是替代化石能源的理想能源。电催化析氢(HER)是一种绿色环保技术，可以裂解水分子制备氢气。因此开发低廉高效且稳定性好的非贵金属催化剂对于解决能源危机和可持续发展尤为重要。过渡金属磷化物(TMPs)具有良好的导电性、多变的化学组成、丰富的储量和稳定的理化性质，是HER反应重要的催化剂之一。本文首先介绍了HER反应机制及TMPs的结构特点，然后总结了TMPs的合成方法包括液相合成法和气-固合成法等，接着重点分析了现有TMPs的改性策略如形貌调控、缺陷调控、元素掺杂和界面复合，最后对未来TMPs的发展方向提出了展望。
- 过渡金属磷化物 /
- 氢能 /
- 电催化 /
- 析氢反应 /
- 改性策略
Abstract: Hydrogen, a zero-carbon fuel, is supposed to be the potential alternative for fossil energy. Electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a green technology that could split water molecules to produce hydrogen. Therefore, exploring the low-cost, efficient and long-stable noble metal-free catalysts is particularly important for solving the problems of energy crisis and sustainable development. Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) possess excellent electrical conductivity, variable chemical composition, abundant reserves and stable physicochemical properties, which is one of the critical catalysts in HER. Herein, the HER mechanism and the structural characteristics of TMPs are introduced at first, then the fabrication approaches of TMPs like liquid phase formation, gas-solid synthesis, etc. are summarized. This paper are mainly focusing on the recent modification strategies for TMPs-based nanostructures, such as morphology regulation, vacancy creation, elemental doping and interface engineering. Finally, the future directions for the development of TMPs is proposed.
- transition metal phosphide /
- hydrogen /
- electrocatalysis /
- hydrogen evolution reaction /
- modification strategies

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图 1 电催化析氢(HER)反应机制图

Figure 1. Diagram of the electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) reaction mechanism

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图 2 过渡金属磷化物(TMPs)的晶胞示意图

Figure 2. Schemtaic of the unit cell for transition metal phosphides (TMPs)

P—Phosphorus; M—Metal

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图 3 NiP-Pt/Co(OH)₂ (a)^[30]和CoFeP/还原氧化石墨烯(rGO) (b)的合成过程示意图^[32]

Figure 3. Schematic illustration of the synthesis process of NiP-Pt/Co(OH)₂ (a)^[30] and CoFeP/reduced graphene oxide (rGO) (b)^[32]

GO—Graphene oxide; LDH—Layered double hydroxides

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图 4 Fe-CoP (a)^[39]和3D WP₂ 纳米线 (b)^[42]的SEM图像；(c) FeP、Mg-FeP和Vc-FeP的(111)晶面的结合能图^[43]；(d) CoP的线性扫描伏安曲线^[44]

Figure 4. SEM images of Fe-CoP (a)^[39]and 3D WP₂ nanowire (b)^[42]; (c) Free energy diagram of FeP, Mg-FeP and Vc-FeP of (111) crystal plane^[43]; (d) Liner sweep voltammetry curves of CoP^[44]

Vc-FeP—Fe-vacancy-rich FeP; F-CoP-Vp—F doping and P vacancies CoP; U—Voltage; RHE—Reversible hydrogen electrode

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图 5 (a) W-NiCoP/镍泡沫(NF)的HER机制图^[49]；(b) Cu-CoP材料不同位点的HER反应能垒图^[50]；(c) H和金属位之间态密度图^[51]；(d) 恒电位下C-Co₂P的原位拉曼光谱及等值线图^[72]

Figure 5. (a) HER mechanism for W-NiCoP/nickel foam (NF)^[49]; (b) HER free energy diagrams for various sites on Cu-CoP^[50]; (c) Partial density of states between H and active metallic site^[51]; (d) In-situ Raman spectra and corresponding contour plots of C-Co₂P at constant potentials^[72]

OCP—Open circuit potential; DOS—Density of states

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图 6 CoP₃/Fe₂P@NF (a)^[23]和CoP-WP/rGO (b)^[77]的HRTEM图像；(c) CoP₃/Fe₂P@NF的线性扫描伏安曲线^[23]；(d) CoP-WP/rGO的结合能图^[77]

Figure 6. HRTEM images of CoP₃/Fe₂P@NF (a)^[23] and CoP-WP/rGO (b)^[77]; (c) Liner sweep voltammetry curves of CoP₃/Fe₂P@NF^[23];(d) Free-energy diagram of CoP-WP/rGO^[77]

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表 1 通过缺陷调控改善TMPs 基电催化剂的HER性能的总结

Table 1. Summary of the HER performance for TMPs-based electrocatalysts by vacancy creation

Catalyst	Vacancy	Substrate	Current density/ (mA·cm⁻²)	Overpotential/ mV	Tafel slope/ (mV·dec⁻¹)	Ref.
WP	Cationic vacancies	Glassy carbon electrode	100	175	58	[18]
Vc-FeP	Cationic vacancy	Ti foils	10	108	33	[43]
F-CoP-Vp	Anion vacancies	Carbon fiber cloth	10	108	88.9	[44]
V-Ni₂P/NF	Cationic vacancy	Nickel foam (NF)	10	81	48	[45]
WP	Cationic vacancies	Glassy carbon electrode	300	80.6	52	[46]
S-CoP-p	P vacancies	Ti mesh	100	114	58.4	[47]

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表 2 通过元素掺杂改善TMPs 基电催化剂的HER性能的总结

Table 2. Summary of the HER performance for TMPs-based electrocatalysts by elemental doping

Catalyst	Substrate	Current density/(mA·cm⁻²)	Overpotential/mV	Tafel slope/(mV·dec⁻¹)	Ref.
MnCoP/CC	Carbon cloth (CC)	10	65	46.16	[29]
Fe-CoP@CC	Carbon cloth	10	49	149	[39]
W-NiCoP/NF	Nickel foam (NF)	10	29.6	38	[49]
Cu-CoP NAs/CP	Carbon paper (CP)	10	81	83.5	[50]
S-WP₂	Carbon cloth	10	115	75	[51]
Zn/F-NiCoP/NF	Nickel foam	10	59	81.03	[52]
V-Co_xP@NC	Carbon paper	10	106	93	[53]
Mn-CoP	Glassy carbon electrode	10	148	61	[54]
CoP-N/Co foam	Co foam	50	100	50.9	[55]
W, Ru-NiP₂	Nickel foam	10	17.8	67.5	[56]
F_0.25CP-G	Graphene (G)	10	66	61	[57]
O-CoP	Glassy carbon electrode	10	98	59.9	[58]
Mo-CoFeP/NC	Glassy carbon electrode	10	145	68	[59]
pCoMo-P/ NF	Nickel foam	10	49	55.02	[60]
O-CoP	Glassy carbon electrode	10	116	59	[61]
Mn-doped CoP/NF	Nickel foam	10	60	56.7	[62]
V-Ni₅P₄	Nickel foam	10	13	—	[63]
Co-Cu₃P/CF	Cu foam (CF)	100	250	75	[64]
CoFeP/C	Graphene	10	42.1	59	[65]
V-CoP/CC	Carbon cloth	10	71	67.6	[66]
Mn-CoP PMFs/CC	Carbon cloth	10	90	86.1	[67]
V-doped CoP/NF	Nickel foam	10	84.6	79.2	[68]
CoFeP/NF	Nickel foam	10	29.8	68.4	[69]
Ga-CoP NSs/CFP	Carbon fiber paper (CFP)	10	44	62	[70]
Nb-CoP	Glassy carbon electrode	10	99	59.4	[71]
Notes: NAs—Nanosheet arrays; PMFs—Peony-like micro-flower; NSs—Nanosheets; NC—Nitrogen doped carbon.

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表 3 界面复合调控TMPs 基电催化剂的HER性能的总结

Table 3. Summary of the HER performance for TMPs-based catalysts by interface engineering

Catalyst	Substrate	Current density/(mA·cm⁻²)	Overpotential/mV	Tafel slope/(mV·dec⁻¹)	Ref.
NiCoP@FeP_x	–	10	82.5	69.1	[17]
CoP₃/Fe₂P@NF	Nickel foam	10	81	104.4	[23]
Co₂P&CoP@NC	Nickel foam	10	62.8	60	[33]
NiP-Pt/Co(OH)₂	Nickel foam	10	40	49.85	[30]
CoFeP/rGO	Glassy carbon electrode	10	101	169	[32]
CoFeP NS@Fe-CoP	Nickel foam	10	78	73	[73]
NiFe LDH/CoFeP/NF	Nickel foam	50	198	75.2	[74]
CoP/NiCoP	N-doped carbon	10	75	64	[75]
Cu₃P/NiCoP	Nickel-cobalt foam	10	51	89	[76]
CoP-WP/rGO	Nickel foam	10	138	62	[77]
g-C₃N₄/Cu₃P	Cu foil	10	67	45	[78]
W₂C/WP@NC	Glassy carbon electrode	10	116.37	59.07	[79]
NiP/Wood	Pristine wood	10	83	73.2	[80]
Cu₃P@NPC	Copper foam	10	81.94	81.25	[81]
CoFeP NFs/NPCNT	Glassy carbon electrode	10	132	62.9	[82]
CoP/Mo₂CT_x	Glassy carbon electrode	10	78	66	[83]
N-CoO@CoP	Nickel foam	100	201	37	[84]
Fe₂O₃-TiO₂/rGO	Reduced graphene oxide	10	96	98	[85]
Ni₂P@NPCNFs	Carbon cloth	10	63.2	56.7	[86]
CoFeP NS@NCNF	Nickel foam	10	113	108	[87]
CoFeOH/CoFeP/IF	Iron foam (IF)	100	114.9	128.37	[88]
Notes: NPC—Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon; NPCNT—Nitrogen and phosphorus co-doped carbon nanotubes; NPCNFs—Nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanofibers; NCNF—Nitrogen-doped carbon nanofiber; NFs—Nanoframes; MoCT—Molybdenum carbide (T is the surface terminal group).

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