导热吸波一体化材料的研究进展

苏蒸棠; 陈飞; 周致君; 陈刚; 蔡苇; 符春林

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231115.002

导热吸波一体化材料的研究进展

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20231115.002

苏蒸棠¹,
陈飞³,
周致君¹,
陈刚^{1, 2, ,},
蔡苇^{1, 2},
符春林^{1, 2}

1.
重庆科技大学　冶金与材料工程学院，重庆 401331
2.
纳微复合材料与器件重庆市重点实验室，重庆 401331
3.
重庆市鸿富诚电子新材料有限公司，重庆 402760

基金项目: 重庆科技大学研究生科技创新项目(YKJCX2220207；YKJCX2220210)；重庆市教委科学技术研究重点项目(KJZD-K202201506)；重庆市科技型企业技术创新与应用发展专项项目(cstc2021kqjscx-phxmX0008)；重庆市科技计划项目(CQYC20220309997)；重庆高校创新研究群体(CXQT19031)

详细信息

通讯作者:
陈刚，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为新型吸波材料、电介质储能等　E-mail: cgyjxy_cqust@163.com

中图分类号: TB33；TB34
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-08-24
- 修回日期: 2023-10-13
- 录用日期: 2023-11-06
- 网络出版日期: 2023-11-16
- 刊出日期: 2024-05-15

Research progress of integrated materials for heat conduction and electromagnetic wave absorption

SU Zhengtang¹,
CHEN Fei³,
ZHOU Zhijun¹,
CHEN Gang^{1, 2
, ,},
CAI Wei^{1, 2},
FU Chunlin^{1, 2}

1.
School of Metallurgy and Material Engineering, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing 401331, China
2.
Chongqing Key Laboratory of Nano-/Micro-composite and Devices, Chongqing 401331, China
3.
Chongqing Hongfucheng Electronic New Materials CO., LTD., Chongqing 402760, China

Funds: Chongqing University of Science and Technology Graduate Science and Technology Innovation Project (YKJCX2220207; YKJCX2220210); Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJZD-K202201506); Chongqing Science and Technology Enterprise Technology Innovation and Application Development Project (cstc2021kqjscx-phxmX0008); Chongqing Science and Technology Plan Project (CQYC20220309997); Creative Research Groups in University of Chongqing (CXQT19031)

摘要

摘要: 5G通信中电磁污染尤为严重，吸波材料可有效的吸收和衰减电磁波，将电磁能转换为热能的形式散失掉，已被广泛应用于航天航空、军事设施及电子通信等领域。然而，电子设备的小型化、集成化与高频化使电子设备无法及时将其产生的热能耗散掉，从而影响设备的正常运行。因此，如何将导热材料高效的应用于电磁波吸收成为了当前吸波领域研究的重点和热点。基于此，本文综述了不同种类的导热材料在电磁波吸收中的应用及研究进展，首先按照组成成分介绍了导热材料的种类，并详细阐述了金属材料、陶瓷材料、碳材料及其复合物和导热高分子材料及其复合物的导热机制及不同导热材料在电磁波吸收中的作用机制与应用。最后对导热吸波一体化材料未来的研究方向及推广应用提出了见解。
- 导热材料 /
- 电磁波吸收 /
- 复合材料 /
- 热导率 /
- 吸波性能
Abstract: Electromagnetic pollution is a significant concern in 5G communication. Electromagnetic wave absorbing materials can efficiently soak up and decrease the intensity of electromagnetic waves, whereby they dissipate the energy as heat. These materials have extensive applications in aerospace, military equipment and electronic communications. However, the miniaturization, integration and high frequency of electronic equipment make it impossible for electronic equipment to dissipate the heat energy generated by it in time, thus affecting the normal operation of the equipment. Therefore, how to efficiently apply thermally conductive materials to electromagnetic wave absorption has become the focus and hotspot of current research in the field of wave absorption. This paper reviews the application and research progress of different kinds of thermal conductive materials in electromagnetic wave absorption. Firstly, the types of thermal conductive materials are introduced according to the composition, and the thermal conduction mechanism of metal materials, ceramic materials, carbon materials and their composites, thermal conductive polymer materials and their composites, as well as the mechanism and application of different thermal conductive materials in electromagnetic wave absorption are described in detail. Finally, the future research direction and application of integrated materials for thermal conductivity and electromagnetic wave absorption are put forward.
- thermal conductive material /
- electromagnetic wave absorbents /
- composites /
- thermal conductivity /
- electromagnetic wave absorbing performance

HTML全文

图 1 电磁波(EM)吸收机制示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the electromagnetic (EM)wave-absorbing mechanism

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图 2 自由电子在金属材料中的导热过程

E—Energy; h—Planck constant; ν—Frequency of oscillation of an atomic oscillator

Figure 2. Thermal conduction process of free electrons in metallic materials

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图 3 多孔碳(PC)基复合材料的反射损耗：(a) PC；(b) Ag/PC ^[28]

Figure 3. Reflection loss of porous carbon (PC) material: (a) PC; (b) Ag/PC^[28]

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图 4 Al₂O₃/ZnO/Fe(CO)₅/硅橡胶(SR)复合材料热导率(a)和吸波性能：(b)反射损耗；(c)有效损耗带宽^[47]

AM—Fe(CO)₅; TC—Al₂O₃ and ZnO (Mass ratio of 1∶1); TA-1, TA-2, TA-3—Al₂O₃, ZnO and Fe(CO)₅ with mass ratios of 1∶2, 1∶1 and 2∶1, respectively

Figure 4. Thermal conductivity (a) and absorbing properties of Al₂O₃/ZnO/Fe(CO)₅/silicone rubber (SR) composite materials: (b) Reflection loss;(c) Effective loss bandwidth^[47]

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图 5 SiC纳米纤维改性的Si₃N₄陶瓷在频率上的反射损耗： (a)在800℃时的S0~S3；(b)在不同温度下的S3^[52]

S0, S1, S2, S3—0wt%SiC, 5wt%SiC, 7.5wt%SiC and 10wt%SiC

Figure 5. Reflection loss vs frequency of SiC nanofibers modified Si₃N₄ ceramics: (a) S0-S3 at 800℃; (b) S3 at different temperatures^[52]

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图 6 纤维素(CA)/m-SiC NWs/m-BN/EP复合材料导热与电磁波吸收机制示意图^[55]

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of thermal conduction and electromagnetic wave absorption principles in the cellulose (CA)/m-SiC NWs/m-BN/EP composite^[55]

m-SiC NWs—Modifcation of SiC nanowires; m-BN—Modifed BN; EP—Epoxy

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图 7 碳材料的导热机制

Figure 7. Heat conduction mechanism of carbon materials

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图 8 碳纳米结构及其复合材料在高频电磁波吸收中的应用^[60]

Figure 8. Carbon nanostructures and their composites for high frequency EM wave absorption^[60]

CNTs—Carbon nanotubes; G—Graphene; MOF—Metal organic framework

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图 9 样品的α值(a)和Z值(d) ；PCF7-CFO (1.5和2.0 mm)的反射损耗(RL) (b) 、α值和Z值(e)；PCF7-CFO的RL值(c)和1/4波长厚度(f)^[69]

Figure 9. Values of α (a) and Z (d) of the samples; Values of reflection loss (RL) (b) and α and Z (e) for PCF7-CFO (1.5 and 2.0 mm); RL values (c) and the quarter wavelength thickness of PCF7-CFO (f)^[69]

PCF—Phragmites-derived hollow carbon fiber; CF—Carbon fiber; CFO—CoFe₂O₄; α—Constant; Z_in—Input impedance; Z₀—Air impedance; λ—Wavelength

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图 10 有机高分子材料导热机制图：(a)纯高分子材料；(b)有改善链取向的高分子材料；(c)填充有具有热导性填料的高分子材料^[84]

Figure 10. Thermal conductivity mechanism diagram of organic polymer materials: (a) Pure polymer materials; (b) Polymer materials with improved chain orientation; (c) Polymer materials filled with fillers with thermal conductivity^[84]

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图 11 通过盐模板法合成g-C₃N₄ HMPs (a)和通过Fe(CO)₅热解合成g-C₃N₄@Fe@C HMPs (b)；g-C₃N₄@Fe@C HMPs复合材料的导热(c)与吸波机制示意图(d)^[94]

Figure 11. Synthesis of g-C₃N₄ HMPs via a salt-template route (a) and g-C₃N₄@Fe@C HMPs via the pyrolysis of Fe(CO)₅(b); Schematic diagram of thermal conduction (c) and electromagnetic wave absorption principles (d) in the g-C₃N₄@Fe@C HMPs composite^[94]

HMPs—Hollow micro-polyhedra; CSNPs—Core–shell nanoparticles; NPs—Nanoparticles

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表 1 常见导热材料的热导率(λ)

Table 1. Thermal conductivity (λ) of common thermal conductive materials

Sample	λ/(W·(m·K)⁻¹)	Ref.
Ag	429	[10]
Cu	~400	[11]
Ni	77.9-92.3	[12]
Fe	60	[13]
SiC	32-270	[14]
AlN	130-260	[15]
Al₂O₃	~30	[16]
ZnO	~50	[17]
CNTs	6600	[18]
G	3000-5000	[19]
GPs	3000	[20]
CFs	600-1100	[21]
Notes: CNTs—Carbon nanotubes; G—Graphene; GPs—Graphite platelets; CFs—Carbon fibres.

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表 2 金属氧化物/磁性材料/碳材料复合材料的吸波性能和导热性能

Table 2. Microwave absorbing properties and thermal conductivity of metal oxide/magnetic material/carbon material

Sample	RL_min/dB	D/mm	EAB/GHz	λ/(W·(m·K)⁻¹)	Ref.
TiO₂/Fe/C nanocomposites	–42.59	1.2-2.1	5.60	2.69-2.93	[75]
Al₂O₃/Ni/C composites	–42.43	1.7	4.24	2.84	[76]
MgO/Co/C foams	–59.42	2.1	5.44	3.40-4.09	[77]
Notes: RL_min—Reflection loss; D—Thickness; EAB—Effective absorption bandwidth; λ—Thermal conductivity.

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表 3 不同种类的导热材料在电磁波吸收应用中的优缺点

Table 3. Advantages and disadvantages of different types of thermal conductive materials in electromagnetic wave absorption applications

Heat conductor		Advantage	Disadvantage
Metallic materials	Conductive metal	Excellent thermal and electrical conductivity	The electromagnetic wave has a low absorbing capacity, resulting in most of the wave being reflected or transmitted
Metallic materials	Magnetic metal	High permeability can promote the absorption of electromagnetic wave	High density, poor electrical and thermal conductivity
Ceramic materials		High melting point, strong corrosion resistance, high hardness; Excellent insulation properties, chemical stability and high temperature stability	Relatively low thermal conductivity, high fragility, susceptibility to cracking, and difficulty in processing
Carbon materials		Low-density, lightweight, complex and varied struc-tures, excellent thermal and electrical conductivity	Higher cost, single electromagnetic wave loss mechanism, poorer impedance matching
Thermally conductive polymer materials		Light weight, easy to process, low cost, corrosion resistant; The ordered topology can promote the thermal conductivity and wave absorption properties of other materials	Thermal decomposition and aging at high temperatures, poor thermal conductivity, lower efficiency of electromagnetic wave absorption

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