Piezoresistivity of copper-plated steel fibers reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under different failure load types
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摘要: 镀铜钢纤维具有良好的导电性、耐腐蚀性和力学性能，而废弃陶瓷粉较水泥具有低电阻率、低碳性、火山灰活性和内养护作用。则镀铜钢纤维和废弃陶瓷粉的协同作用有望赋予混凝土良好且稳定的压敏性能和宽的应力/应变监测范围。因此，本文制备了低碳智能镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土，并研究了镀铜钢纤维掺量对废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土流动性能、电学性能和不同荷载类型下的废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土压敏性能的影响规律，并建立了力-电本构模型。研究结果表明：扩展度随镀铜钢纤维的掺入而降低，但均能达到自流平效果；镀铜钢纤维可显著降低废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土的直流和交流电阻率；镀铜钢纤维大幅度提高废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在极限抗折和抗压荷载下的电阻率变化率和应力/应变灵敏度，且在抗折破坏荷载工况下的压敏性更好。通过力-电本构模型可知，其电阻率变化率和应力/应变曲线基本遵从三次多项式函数关系。因此，可通过测试镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土的电阻率实现混凝土结构的应力/应变监测。Abstract: The copper-plated steel fiber has excellent electrical conductivity, corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties. Compared with cement, the ceramic waste powder has low electrical resistivity, low carbon property, pozzolanic activity and internal curing. The synergy between copper-plated steel fiber and waste ceramic powder is expected to endow concrete with excellent and stable piezoresistivity and a wide stress/strain monitoring range. Therefore, low-carbon and smart copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste was prepared. Then, the effects of copper-plated steel fibers content on the slump, electrical and piezoresistivity properties under different failure load types of the ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste were analyzed, and the stress-electricity constitutive model was established. The results show that the spread of ultra high performance concrete with waste ceramic powder reduces with increasing copper-plated steel fiber content, but still has self-leveling compacting characteristics. The copper-plated steel fiber can significantly reduce the direct current and alternating current resistivity of the ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste. The copper-plated steel fiber greatly improves the fractional change in resistivity and stress/strain sensitivity of the ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste under ultimate flexural and compressive loads, and the piezoresistivity properties are better under the fracture failure condition. According to the stress-electricity constitutive model, both the fractional change in resistivity and stress/strain curves basically follow the cubic polynomial function relationship. Therefore, the copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste can be used to monitor the stress/strain of concrete structures through testing resistivity.
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图 4 镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土的制备流程
Figure 4. Fabrication process of ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder containing copper-plated steel fiber
图 5 镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土电学性能测试试件及电极布置
Figure 5. Specimens shape and electrode layout for electrical properties test of copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder
图 6 镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土压敏性能测试加载示意图
Figure 6. Loading diagram of piezoresistivity test of copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder
DC—Direct current
图 7 镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土的扩展度(a)及其降低率(b)
Figure 7. Spread (a) and decrease ratio (b) of copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder
R2—Coefficient of determination
图 8 镀铜钢纤维掺量对废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土28天的DC电阻率和交流(AC)电阻率的影响
Figure 8. Effect of DC and alternating current (AC) electrical resistivity of copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder at 28 days
图 9 0.0vol%~2.5vol%镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在极限抗折荷载时应力/应变与电阻率变化率∆ρ之间的关系
Figure 9. Relationship between the stress/strain and the fractional change in resistivity ∆ρ of 0.0vol%-2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under flexural load
图 10 0.0vol%~2.5vol%镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在抗折极限荷载时的∆ρ、应力灵敏度SE和应变灵敏度SA
Figure 10. ∆ρ, stress sensitivity SE and strain sensitivity SA of 0.0vol%-2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under flexural load
图 11 0.0vol%~2.5vol%镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在抗压极限荷载时应力/应变和∆ρ之间的关系
Figure 11. Relationship between the stress/strain and ∆ρ of 0.0vol%-2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under compressive load
图 12 0.0vol%~2.5vol%镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在抗压极限荷载时的∆ρ、SE和SA
Figure 12. ∆ρ, SE and SA of 0.0vol%-2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under compressive load
图 13 不同破坏荷载对废弃陶瓷粉超高性能混凝土压敏性能的影响
Figure 13. Effect of different failure loads on poiezoresistivity properties of copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder
图 14 镀铜钢纤维在废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土内的分布情况(线和点为镀铜钢纤维；圆圈为镀铜钢纤维搭接)
Figure 14. Distribution of copper-coated steel fibers in ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder (Dots and dashes represent copper-coated steel fiber; Circle represents the connection of copper-coated steel fibers)
图 15 0.0vol%~2.5vol%镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在抗折极限荷载下的电阻率变化率与应力/应变之间的函数关系
Figure 15. Function relationship of ∆ρ and stress/strain of 0.0vol%-2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under ultimate flexural load
图 16 0.0vol%~2.5vol%镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土在抗压极限荷载下的电阻率变化率与应力/应变之间的函数关系
Figure 16. Function relationship of ∆ρ and stress/strain of 0.0vol%-2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder under ultimate compressive load
表 1 水泥和废弃陶瓷粉化学成分
Table 1. Chemical composition of cement and ceramic waste powder
Chemical
compositionCement/wt% Ceramic waste
powder/wt%CaO 62.769 1.704 SiO2 20.654 68.170 Al2O3 5.333 17.180 SO3 4.007 0.031 Fe2O3 3.189 1.114 MgO 2.557 0.722 K2O 0.768 6.104 TiO2 0.237 0.127 Na2O 0.191 0.031 P2O5 0.052 0.120 MnO 0.042 0.043 SrO 0.034 0.026 
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表 2 镀铜钢纤维增强废弃陶瓷超高性能混凝土的配合比
Table 2. Mix proportions copper-plated steel fiber reinforced ultra high performance concrete with ceramic waste powder
Specimen code Cement/% Ceramic waste
powder/%Quartz sand/% Water/% Copper-plated
steel fiber/vol%Superplasticizer/wt% 0.0vol% copper-plated steel fiber 75 25 100 18 0.00 1.50 0.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber 75 25 100 18 0.50 1.50 1.0vol% copper-plated steel fiber 75 25 100 18 1.00 1.50 1.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber 75 25 100 18 1.50 1.50 2.0vol% copper-plated steel fiber 75 25 100 18 2.00 1.50 2.5vol% copper-plated steel fiber 75 25 100 18 2.50 1.50
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表 3 镀铜钢纤维间的平均间距
Table 3. Average distances of copper-plated steel fibers
Copper-plated steel fiber/vol% Average distance/mm 0.50 39.03 1.00 27.60 1.50 22.54 2.00 19.52 2.50 17.46
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表 4 纯水泥和25%废弃陶瓷粉替代率水泥净浆的孔溶液离子浓度
Table 4. Pore solution ion contents of pure cement paste and cement paste with 25% ceramic waste powder
Main ion Ion content/(μg·mL−1) 100% cement 75% cement+25%
ceramic waste powderCa2+ 205.00 226.70 K+ 29.13 40.89 Na+ 7.53 9.23 Al3+ 0.51 0.35 Si4+ 0.49 0.35 Sr+ 0.38 0.38 Ba2+ 0.05 0.07 Mo2+ 0.01 0.06 Total content 243.10 278.03
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表 5 纯水泥和25%废弃陶瓷粉替代率水泥净浆在全烘干状态下的电阻率和孔溶液电阻率
Table 5. Resistivity and pore solution resistivity of pure cement paste and cement paste with 25% ceramic waste powder in full drying condition
Specimen DC electrical
resistivity/
(Ω·cm)AC electrical
resistivity/
(Ω·cm)Pore solution
resistivity/
(Ω·cm)100% cement 168438.43 984026.19 292.22 75% cement+25% ceramic waste powder 56814.16 205888.52 264.55
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