Preparation and electrothermal performance of TPU nanocomposite materials reinforced by carbon fiber scraps
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摘要: 随着碳纤维(CF)需求量的增加，CF边角料急剧增多，造成了极大的资源浪费。为解决这一问题，采用抽滤法将CF边角料制备成短切碳纤维(SCF)毡，以碳纳米管(CNT)作为二次填料，通过真空热压工艺制备了CF边角料增强热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)纳米复合电热材料(CNTx-SCF/TPU)。通过SEM、TGA、DSC等对复合材料进行测试分析，探究了CNT的最佳浓度，研究了 CNTx-SCF/TPU复合材料的力学性能和电热性能等。结果表明：采用克重为 60 g/m2的 SCF毡、CNT浓度为1.0 g/mL时制备的CNT1.0-SCF/TPU复合材料具有最高的电导率，达到417.84 S/m，与不添加CNT的SCF/TPU相比其电导率提高了34.78%；CNT1.0-SCF/TPU复合材料在3.5 V低电压下，240 s内即能达到约165℃的高温，具有优异电热性能，并具备电热温度可控、电热性能稳定等优点。Abstract: With the increase in the demand for carbon fiber (CF), CF scraps have increased dramatically, resulting in a great waste of resources. To solve this problem, CNTx-SCF/TPU electrothermal nanocomposite materials were prepared by using short carbon fiber (SCF) felt fabricated by CF scraps through filtration method, with carbon nanotubes (CNT) as secondary filler and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) as the matrix, via vacuum hot pressing process. The composite materials were tested and analyzed using SEM, TGA, DSC, etc., and the optimal concentration of CNT was investigated. The mechanical and electrothermal properties of CNTx-SCF/TPU composite materials were studied. The results show that CNT1.0-SCF/TPU composite material exhibits highest electrical conductivity of 417.84 S/m using 60 g/m2 SCF felt and a CNT concentration of 1.0 g/mL, representing a 34.78% improvement compared to the SCF/TPU without CNT. CNT1.0-SCF/TPU composite exhibit significantly improved electrothermal performance at a low voltage of 3.5 V, reaching a temperature of approximately 165℃ in 240 s. It also represents advantages such as precise and stable electrothermal temperature control.
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图 1 ((a), (a1)) SCF丙酮处理前后的SEM图像；((b), (b1)) TPU无纺布的SEM图像；喷涂浓度1.0 mg/mL (c)和1.2 mg/mL (c1)的CNT后TPU无纺布的SEM图像
Figure 1. ((a), (a1)) SEM images of SCF before and after acetone treatment; ((b), (b1)) SEM images of TPU non-woven fabric before spraying CNT; SEM images of TPU non-woven fabric after spraying CNT concentration of 1.0 mg/mL (c) and 1.2 mg/mL (c1)
图 2 CNTx-SCF/TPU复合材料的TGA曲线
Figure 2. TGA curves of CNTx-SCF/TPU composites
T10wt%—Temperature with mass loss 10wt%
图 4 CNTx-SCF/TPU复合材料的应力-应变曲线(a)、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率(b)
Figure 4. Stress-strain curves (a), tensile strength and elongation at break (b) of CNTx-SCF/TPU composites
图 5 4 V电压下CNTx-SCF/TPU复合材料的温升曲线
Figure 5. Temperature-rise curves of CNTx-SCF/TPU composites at 4 V voltage
图 6 CNTx-SCF/TPU复合材料电流与电压的关系
Figure 6. Relationship of CNTx-SCF/TPU composites between current and voltage
图 7 电压从1 V递增至3.5 V并降到0 V时CNT1.0-SCF/TPU复合材料实时表面温度
Figure 7. Real-time surface temperature of CNT1.0-SCF/TPU composite with applied voltage gradually increasing from 1 V to 3.5 V anddropping to 0 V
图 8 3 V周期性循环电压下，CNT1.0-SCF/TPU复合材料实时表面温度 (a)、周期性循环下的相对电阻R/R0和稳态温度(b)
Figure 8. Real-time surface temperature under 3 V cyclic voltage (a), the relative resistance R/R0 under cyclic voltage and the steady-state temperature (b) of CNT1.0-SCF/TPU composite
表 1 CNTx-短切碳纤维(SCF)/热塑性聚氨酯(TPU)复合材料中碳纳米管(CNT)含量
Table 1. Carbon nanotubes (CNT) contents of CNTx-short carbon fiber (SCF)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites
Sample Mass fraction of CNT/wt% SCF/TPU 0.00 CNT0.6-SCF/TPU 0.46 CNT0.8-SCF/TPU 0.61 CNT1.0-SCF/TPU 0.76 CNT1.2-SCF/TPU 0.91 
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表 2 CNTx-SCF/TPU复合材料电导率测试结果
Table 2. Conductivity test results of CNTx-SCF/TPU composites
Sample σ/(S·m−1) Relatively
increasing
value/%Before
spraying
CNTAfter
spraying
CNTCNT0.6-SCF/TPU 282.66 300.32 6.25 CNT0.8-SCF/TPU 276.84 315.83 14.08 CNT1.0-SCF/TPU 310.01 417.84 34.78 CNT1.2-SCF/TPU 297.67 352.21 18.32 Note: σ—Conductivity of CNTx-SCF/TPU composites.
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