Preparation and performance testing of amidation modified acoustic matching layer for air coupling ultrasonic transducer
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摘要: 基于空心玻璃微珠(HGM)/环氧树脂体系的声匹配层制备了高灵敏度的空耦超声波换能器。采用聚甲基乙烯基醚-马来酸酐共聚物(PVMMA)接枝到空心玻璃微珠表面(PVMMA-g-HGM)，以提高低密度空心玻璃微珠在高密度环氧树脂基体中的分散性。结果表明：改性空心玻璃微珠/环氧树脂复合材料的致密度提升显著且无明显缺陷，具备了更好的声辐射性能，制备的空耦超声波换能器灵敏度达到4.88 V。此外，改进后超声波换能器装配的气体超声波流量计具备更好的流场适应性，相对误差绝对值低于1.0%。本文提出一种新的工艺以改进气体超声波流量计中超声换能器的性能。Abstract: A high-sensitivity air-coupled ultrasonic transducer with an acoustic matching layer based on epoxy resin/hollow glass microsphere (HGM) is investigated. In order to improve the dispersion of low-density HGM in high-density epoxy resin matrix, poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PVMMA) was grafted onto the HGM surface (PVMMA-g-HGM). The morphology and surface chemical characteristics of modified HGM and HGM/epoxy resin composite were analyzed. An air-coupled ultrasonic transducer was fabricated with the improved matching layer, which achieved a peak-to-peak voltage of 4.88 V. In addition, the gas ultrasonic flowmeter equipped with the improved ultrasonic transducer had better flow field adaptability, and the relative error was less than 1.0%. This work is to propose a new technology to improve the performance of ultrasonic transducer in gas ultrasonic flowmeter.
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图 1 空心玻璃微珠(HGM)接枝改性原理图
PVMMA—Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride); KH-550—Silane coupling agent
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of grafting modification of hollow glass microsphere (HGM)
图 3 HGM、NH2-HGM和PVMMA-g-HGM样品的FTIR图谱
Figure 3. FTIR spectra of HGM, NH2-HGM and PVMMA-g-HGM
图 4 HGM、NH2-HGM和PVMMA-g-HGM的XPS图谱：(a) 全扫描谱；(b) O1s峰；(c) N1s峰
Figure 4. XPS spectra of HGM, NH2-HGM and PVMMA-g-HGM: (a) Wide XPS spectra; (b) O1s peaks; (c) N1s peaks
图 5 不同HGM样品的SEM图像：(a) HGM；(b) OH-HGM；(c) NH2-HGM；(d) PVMMA-g-HGM
Figure 5. SEM images of different HGM samples: (a) HGM; (b) OH-HGM; (c) NH2-HGM; (d) PVMMA-g-HGM
图 6 HGM、OH-HGM、NH2-HGM和PVMMA-g-HGM的TGA曲线
Figure 6. TGA curves of HGM, OH-HGM, NH2-HGM and PVMMA-g-HGM
图 7 HGM/环氧树脂(EP)复合材料的表面形貌及SEM剖面图像：((a), (d)) 20wt%HGM/EP；((b), (e)) 20wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP；((c), (f)) 25wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
Figure 7. Surface topography and cross-sectional SEM images of the fracture surface of HGM/epoxy resin (EP) composites: ((a), (d)) 20wt%HGM/EP; ((b), (e)) 20wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP; ((c), (f)) 25wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
图 8 HGM/EP复合材料的外观形貌：(a)参比HGM/EP；(b) OH-HGM/EP；(c) NH2-HGM/EP；(d) PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
Figure 8. Optical photos of HGM/EP composites: (a) Pristine HGM/EP; (b) OH-HGM/EP; (c) NH2-HGM/EP; (d) PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
图 9 不同PVMMA-g-HGM质量分数下复合材料的密度ρ及声阻抗Z
Figure 9. Density ρ and acoustic impedance Z of composites for different mass fraction of the PVMMA-g-HGM
图 10 HGM/EP复合材料的水接触角测试：(a) 20wt%HGM/EP；(b) 20wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
Figure 10. Contact angle results of HGM/EP composites: (a) 20wt%HGM/EP; (b) 20wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
图 11 超声波换能器的装配实物图((a), (b))及结构示意图(c)
Figure 11. Assembled ultrasonic transducer ((a), (b)) and the structural diagram (c) of the ultrasonic transducer
图 12 不同HGM/EP复合材料下超声波换能器的时域信号测试结果：(a) 20wt%HGM/EP；(b) 15wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP；(c) 20wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP；(d) 25wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
Figure 12. Time-domain signal of ultrasonic transducers according to the different HGM/EP composites: (a) 20wt%HGM/EP;(b) 15wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP; (c) 20wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP; (d) 25wt%PVMMA-g-HGM/EP
图 13 ((a), (b))超声波换能器装配过程；(c)气体超声波流量计标定实验平台
Figure 13. ((a), (b)) Ultrasonic transducer assembly process; (c) Gas ultrasonic flowmeter test platform
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