织物装饰木塑板的制备工艺及性能

周雪莲; 郝硕; 单伟东; 王伟宏; 房轶群; 刘天

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230902.002

织物装饰木塑板的制备工艺及性能

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230902.002

东北林业大学　生物质材料科学与技术教育部重点实验室，哈尔滨 150040

基金项目: 广东省重点领域研发计划研究项目(2020B0202010008)

详细信息

通讯作者:
王伟宏，博士，教授，博士生导师，研究方向为生物质复合材料　E-mail: weihongwang2001@nefu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB332
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-02
- 修回日期: 2023-08-07
- 录用日期: 2023-08-21
- 网络出版日期: 2023-09-04
- 刊出日期: 2024-04-01

Preparation and performance of fabric decorative wood plastic composites

Key Lab of Bio-based Material Science & Technology of Education Ministry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China

Funds: Guangdong Province Key Field R&D Program Project (2020B0202010008)

摘要

摘要: 利用织物装饰木塑复合材料风格多变，能够大大提高木塑复合材料的实用价值。本文开发了一种新型装饰织物贴面技术，将热塑性聚合物铺设在装饰织物表面，与热压板直接接触，从而缩短装饰织物承受高温的时间；并且受热熔化的聚合物透过装饰织物与木塑基材表面的聚合物相熔合，起到固定和保护装饰织物的作用。本文探究了热压温度(140℃、160℃和180℃)、基材中木塑比(6∶4、7∶3和8∶2)和表面聚合物的种类(高密度聚乙烯、低密度聚乙烯和聚乳酸)对饰面木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料表面胶合强度、装饰效果、力学性能等的影响；通过红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜等手段对WF/HDPE复合材料和织物的性能变化进行了分析和表征。结果表明：熔融的聚合物能够透过装饰织物纤维空隙，与木塑基材熔合状况良好，制得的装饰复合材料表面光滑平整。综合分析热压温度、基材木塑比和表面聚合物种类的影响，认为当热压温度为160℃、木塑比为7∶3时，表层使用聚乳酸时棉麻织物装饰的WF/HDPE复合基材力学强度最佳，表面胶合强度可达3.64 MPa，弯曲强度达到82.19 MPa。
- 木塑复合材料 /
- 热塑性聚合物 /
- 织物 /
- 表面装饰 /
- 力学性能
Abstract: The use of fabrics to decorate wood plastic composites (WPC) in a variety of styles can greatly improve the practical value of WPC. In this study, a new decorative fabric veneer technique was developed, in which a thermoplastic polymer was laid on the surface of the decorative fabric. This enabled the thermoplastic polymer to be in direct contact with the hot platen, thus shortening the time that the decorative fabric was exposed to high temperatures. Moreover, the heat-melted polymer fused with the polymer on the surface of the wood-plastic substrate through the decorative fabric, which served to fix and protect the decorative fabric. In this paper, the effects of hot-pressing temperature (140℃, 160℃ and 180℃), wood-plastic ratio in the substrate (6∶4, 7∶3 and 8∶2) and the type of polymer (high density polyethylene, low density polyethylene and polylactic acid (PLA)) on the properties, such as surface bonding strength, decorative effect and mechanical properties of the decorative wood flour/high-density polyethylene (WF/HDPE) composites, were investigated. The changes in the properties of WF/HDPE composites and fabrics were analyzed and characterized by FTIR and SEM. The results show that the molten polymer is able to pass through the fiber voids of the decorative fabric and fuses well with the wood-plastic substrate. The surface of the produced decorative composite material is smooth and even. The effects of hot pressing temperature, substrate wood-plastic ratio and surface polymer type were comprehensive analyzed. When the hot pressing temperature is 160℃, wood-plastic ratio is 7∶3, the mechanical strength of the WF/HDPE composite substrate with the surface layer of the fabric decorated with PLA is the best. Its surface bonding strength is up to 3.64 MPa and the bending strength reaches 82.19 MPa.
- wood-plastic composites /
- thermoplastic polymers /
- fabrics /
- surface decoration /
- mechanical properties

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图 1 聚合物置于织物表面的贴面WF/HDPE复合材料的制备过程示意图

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of decorating WF/HDPE composites wit fabric

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图 2 表面胶合强度试件结构

Figure 2. Structure of surface bonding strength specimen

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图 3 测试后表面接合情况：(a) 织物与木塑基材分离；(b) 织物与木塑基材未分离

Figure 3. Surface jointing after testing: (a) Fabric separated from wood plastic substrate; (b) Fabric is not separated from the wood plastic substrate

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图 4 贴面前后WF/HDPE复合材料与织物的FTIR图谱

Figure 4. FTIR spectra of WF/HDPE composites and fabrics before and after decoration

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图 5 织物与WF/HDPE基材的胶合界面分离后的现象：(a) 与基材分离的织物；(b) 织物剥离后在木塑基材(WPC)表面留下的印迹

Figure 5. Fabrics and WF/HDPE substrates after the separation of the gluing interface: (a) Separated from the wood plastic composites (WPC) fabric; (b) Tear off the fabric on the surface of the WPC left marks

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图 6 贴面板横截面的扫描电子显微镜观察图：(a) 贴面WF/HDPE复合材料的截面；(b) 表面胶合强度测试后织物纤维埋入木塑基材

Figure 6. Microscopic morphology of the cross section of the panel: (a) Cross-section of the decorated WF/HDPE composite; (b) Extent of fabric fiber burial into the wood-plastic substrate after surface gluing strength test

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图 7 界面粘合机制示意图

Figure 7. Schematic diagram of the interfacial bonding mechanism

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图 8 不同热压温度下的纯织物表面形态：(a) 未热压；(b) 140℃；(c) 160℃；(d) 180℃

Figure 8. Surface morphologies of fabric at different hot-pressing temperatures: (a) Without hot-pressing; (b) 140℃; (c) 160℃; (d) 180℃

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图 9 测试后织物与木塑复合材料的断裂情况

Figure 9. Fracture of fabric and WF/HDPE composites after testing

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图 10 聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为表层聚合物时织物贴面WF/HDPE复合材料的外观形貌

Figure 10. Appearance of fabric decorated WF/HDPE composites when polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the surface layer polymer

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表 1 织物贴面木粉/高密度聚乙烯(WF/HDPE)复合材料的压制条件

Table 1. Pressing conditions of fabric decorated wood flour/high-density polyethylene (WF/HDPE) composites

Pre-pressing temperature /℃	Pre-pressing duration /min	Pre-pressing pressure /MPa		Hot-pressing temperature /℃	Hot-pressing duration/min	Hot-pressing pressure/MPa	Cold-pressing pressure/MPa
140/160/180	2	0.5		140/160/180	1	1.5	1.5

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表 2 因素和水平表

Table 2. Table of factors and levels

Level	Factor
Level	A	B	C
1	140	6∶4	HDPE
2	160	7∶3	LDPE
3	180	8∶2	PLA
Notes: A is the hot-pressing temperature (℃); B is the ratio of WF to HDPE of substrate; C is the type of polymer on fabric; LDPE—Low density polyethylene; PLA—Polylactic acid.

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表 3 织物贴面WF/HDPE复合材料热压工艺方案

Table 3. Schemes of hot-pressing process of fabric decorated WF/HDPE composites

No.	A		B		C
No.	Level	Value	Level	Value	Level	Type
1	A₁	140	B₁	6∶4	C₁	HDPE
2	A₁	140	B₂	7∶3	C₂	LDPE
3	A₁	140	B₃	8∶2	C₃	PLA
4	A₂	160	B₁	6∶4	C₂	LDPE
5	A₂	160	B₂	7∶3	C₃	PLA
6	A₂	160	B₃	8∶2	C₁	HDPE
7	A₃	180	B₁	6∶4	C₃	PLA
8	A₃	180	B₂	7∶3	C₁	HDPE
9	A₃	180	B₃	8∶2	C₂	LDPE

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表 4 织物贴面WF/HDPE复合材料的表面胶合强度和浸渍剥离长度测试结果

Table 4. Surface bonding strength and impregnation/stripping length of fabric decorated WF/HDPE composites

No.	Surface bonding strength/MPa	Length of impregnation and peeling/mm
1	2.76±0.32	0
2	2.98±0.33	0
3	1.67±0.37	0
4	4.46±0.61	0
5	3.64±0.68	0
6	3.68±0.73	0
7	4.57±0.42	0
8	4.54±0.48	0
9	2.71±0.79	0

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表 5 织物贴面WF/HDPE复合材料表面胶合强度极差分析

Table 5. Surface gluing strength extreme difference analysis of fabric decorated WF/HDPE composites

Factor	Sum of index			Average of index			Range
Factor	K₁	K₂	K₃	k₁	k₂	k₃	Range
A	7.41	11.78	11.82	2.47	3.93	3.94	1.47
B	11.79	11.16	8.06	3.93	3.72	2.69	1.24
C	10.98	10.15	9.88	3.66	3.38	3.29	0.28
Notes: K_n—Sum of the test indicators corresponding to the nth level of the factor; k_n—Average of K_n; Range=max(k₁, k₂, k₃)−min(k₁, k₂, k₃).

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表 6 贴面WF/HDPE复合材料表面胶合强度方差分析

Table 6. Analysis of variance for surface gluing strength of decorated WF/HDPE composites

Sources of variation	S_j	f_j	Mean sum of square	F value	Critical value F(f_j, f_e) (α = 0.05)	Significance
A	4.28	2	2.14	5.22	19	Insignificant
B	2.65	2	1.33	3.24	19	Insignificant
C	0.22	2	0.11	0.27	19	Insignificant
Error	0.81	2	0.41
Total	7.96	8
Notes: S_j—Sum of squares of deviations, which is the sum of the squares of the differences between the individual numbers in a set of data and their arithmetic mean; f_j—Degree of freedom; F—Equal to the mean sum of square of the factors divided by the error; f_e—Error degree of freedom; α—Given level of significance.

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表 7 织物贴面和未贴面WF/HDPE复合材料弯曲性能

Table 7. Bending strength of decorated and undecorated WF/HDPE composites

No.	Bending strength/MPa	Bending modulus/GPa
1	64.91±1.72	1.79±0.78
2	70.89±1.79	3.15±0.49
3	73.76±3.11	4.61±0.50
4	57.76±2.01	1.52±0.74
5	82.19±1.51	4.34±0.42
6	70.40±1.02	2.90±0.90
7	63.42±0.88	3.44±0.16
8	50.97±0.85	1.94±0.53
9	49.65±2.52	1.64±0.99
WF/HDPE (6∶4)	41.02±1.06	2.15±0.21
WF/HDPE (7∶3)	46.66±0.57	2.97±0.11
WF/HDPE (8∶2)	43.30±1.46	2.93±0.14

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表 8 织物贴面WF/HDPE复合材料弯曲强度极差分析

Table 8. Bending strength extreme difference analysis of decorated WF/HDPE composites

Factor	Sum of index			Average of index			Range
Factor	K₁	K₂	K₃	k₁	k₂	k₃	Range
A	209.56	210.35	164.04	69.85	70.12	54.68	15.44
B	186.09	204.05	193.81	62.03	68.02	64.60	5.99
C	186.28	178.30	219.37	62.09	59.43	73.12	13.69

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表 9 织物贴面WF/HDPE复合材料弯曲强度方差分析

Table 9. Analysis of variance for flexural strength of fabric decorated WF/HDPE composites

Sources of variation	S_j	f_j	Mean sum of square	F value	Critical value F(f_j, f_e) (α = 0.05)	Significance
A	468.59	2	234.30	30.77	19	Significant
B	54.12	2	27.06	0.41	19	Insignificant
C	316.16	2	158.08	14.01	19	Insignificant
Error	84.48	2	42.24
Total	923.35	8

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表 10 热压温度对织物颜色变化影响

Table 10. Effect of hot-pressing temperature on fabric color change

	Hot-pressed temperature/℃	L^*	a^*	b^*	ΔE^*
Fabrics	Unheated	87.91	2.99	−1.03	—
	140	89.15±0.74	2.49±0.07	1.33±0.82	2.71±0.99
	160	88.69±1.10	2.13±0.39	3.70±1.58	4.87±0.95
	180	86.12±0.81	2.31±0.07	8.55±0.69	9.77±0.79
Notes: L^—Lightness; a^—Reddish-green degree of the color; b^—Yellowish-blue degree of color; ΔE^—Chromatic aberration of the sample.

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表 11 贴面前后WF/HDPE复合材料界面胶合性能和弯曲性能的测试结果

Table 11. Test results of interfacial bonding and flexural properties of WF/HDPE composites before and after decoration

WF∶HDPE		Surface bonding strength/MPa	Length of impregnated peel/mm	Bending strength/MPa	Bending modulus/GPa
6∶4	Undecorated	—	—	41.02 ±1.06	2.15 ±0.21
6∶4	Decorated	2.50 ±0.41	0	56.54 ±1.38	1.28 ±0.13
7∶3	Undecorated	—	—	46.66 ±0.57	2.97 ±0.11
7∶3	Decorated	2.13 ±0.67	0	67.58 ±1.19	2.39 ±0.04

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