3D石墨烯气凝胶复合吸波材料的研究现状

乔明涛; 齐靖泊; 王佳妮; 史金轩; 李祥; 雷琬莹; 魏剑

doi:10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230815.001

3D石墨烯气凝胶复合吸波材料的研究现状

doi: 10.13801/j.cnki.fhclxb.20230815.001

西安建筑科技大学　材料科学与工程学院，西安 710055

基金项目: 陕西省教育厅重点科学研究计划项目(22 JY037； 22 JY039)

详细信息

通讯作者:
乔明涛，博士，副教授，硕士生导师，研究方向为核壳结构电磁复合纳米材料的构筑与功能性研究、MOF基衍生材料的结构设计及其在锂硫电池正极材料方面的应用研究　E-mail: mtqiao@xauat.edu.cn

中图分类号: TB333
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-06-12
- 修回日期: 2023-07-19
- 录用日期: 2023-07-29
- 网络出版日期: 2023-08-15
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-01

Recent progress on 3D graphene aerogel based microwave absorbing materials

School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China

Funds: Key Scientific Research Program of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Education (22 JY037; 22 JY039)

摘要

摘要: 随着信息技术的发展，电磁污染问题日益严重，开发具有“薄、轻、宽、强”特性的高性能吸波材料成为当务之急。石墨烯高电导率、高比表面积、低密度的优良特性受到研究人员的广泛关注。为解决单一石墨烯材料易引起的阻抗失配及损耗机制单一问题，引入其他组分制备多元复合材料，改善阻抗匹配、创造多样化的损耗机制是通用的设计方案。本文简要讨论了吸波机制，分述了介电型、磁复合型、有序型、压力诱导型4个类别，并通过材料选择(金属、陶瓷、铁氧体、导电聚合物、生物质材料等)、结构设计、机制分析等角度，结合领域内近年来的研究成果，总结了石墨烯基气凝胶吸波材料的研究进展，并对未来研究方向进行展望。
- 石墨烯 /
- 气凝胶 /
- 吸波 /
- 结构设计 /
- 阻抗匹配 /
- 电磁污染
Abstract: With the development of information technology, electromagnetic pollution has become increasingly severe. Therefore, the development of high-performance microwave absorbing materials with "thin, light, wide, and strong" characteristics has become a top priority. Graphene's excellent properties, such as high conductivity, high specific surface area, and low density, have attracted widespread attention from researchers. To solve the problem of impedance mismatch and single loss mechanism caused by single graphene material, other components are introduced to prepare multi-component composite materials, which improve impedance matching and create diverse loss mechanisms, making it a common design solution. This paper briefly discusses the absorption mechanism, describing four categories: Dielectric type, magnetic composite type, ordered type, and pressure-induced type. Through material selection (metals, ceramics, ferrites, conductive polymers, biomass materials, etc.), structural design, mechanism analysis, and combining with recent research results in the field, the research progress of graphene aerogel based microwave absorbing materials is summarized, and future research directions are also proposed.
- graphene /
- aerogel /
- microwave absorption /
- structure design /
- impedance matching /
- electromagnetic pollution

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图 1 不同压缩应变下石墨烯泡沫(GF)的反射损耗(R_L)曲线^[15]

GF-X—The strain of GF aerogel under pressure is X%

Figure 1. Reflection loss (R_L) curves of graphene foam (GF) under different compressive strains^[15]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 石墨烯气凝胶(GA)宏观图片(a)和电磁波吸收机制示意图(b)^[18]

Figure 2. Macroscopic pictures (a) and schematic diagram of electromagnetic wave absorption mechanism (b) of graphene aerogel (GA)^[18]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 复合气凝胶的SEM图像及其微波吸收机制示意图：(a) Ti₃C₂T_x MXene@氧化石墨烯杂化气凝胶微球(M@GAMS)^[25]；((b), (c)) 聚苯胺(PANI)/GA^[26]；(d) 石墨烯芯(DG)/Si₃N₄气凝胶^[27]

P_in—Incident electromagnetic wave; P_ref—Reflected electromagnetic waves

Figure 3. SEM images of composite aerogel and schematic diagram of its microwave absorption mechanism: (a) Ti₃C₂T_x MXene@graphene oxide (M@GAMS)^[25]; ((b), (c)) Polyaniline (PANI)/GA^[26]; (d) Defect-engineered chemical vapor deposition graphene (DG)/Si₃N₄ aerogel^[27]

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图 4 Fe₃O₄@C/还原氧化石墨烯(Fe₃O₄@C/rGO)纳米复合材料的微观示意图^[33]

GO—Graphene oxide

Figure 4. Microscopic schematic diagram of Fe₃O₄@C/reduced graphene oxide (Fe₃O₄@C/rGO) nanocomposite material^[33]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 气凝胶微波吸收机制示意图：(a) CoFe₂O₄/氮掺杂的rGO^[34]；(b) GA/Fe₃O₄@SiO₂^[35]

M—Magnetic induction line; H—Magnetic field intensity

Figure 5. Schematic diagram of microwave absorption mechanism of aerogel:(a) CoFe₂O₄/N-doped rGO^[34]; (b) GA/Fe₃O₄@SiO₂^[35]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 有序型GA制备流程示意图：(a) Ni/MXene/rGO^[38]；(b) M(Fe,Co,Ni)@C/石墨烯(M@C/GA)气凝胶^[39]

Figure 6. Schematic diagram of preparation process for ordered GA: (a) Ni/MXene/rGO^[38]; (b) M(Fe,Co,Ni)@C/graphene (M@C/GA) aerogel^[39]

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图 7 碱处理聚丙烯腈纤维复合石墨烯气凝胶的SEM图像((a)~(c), (g)~(i))和层间及层内结构图((d)~(f))^[46]

Figure 7. SEM images ((a)-(c), (g)-(i)) and schematic diagram of interlayer and intralayer structure ((d)-(f)) of alkaline treated polyacrylonitrile fibre/graphene aerogel^[46]

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图 8 rGO气凝胶(6.91 mm) (a)和GA (6.87 mm) (b)在不同压缩应变下在0.5~18 GHz的频率范围内的微波R_L曲线；((c)~(f)) GA在不同压缩应变下的微波吸收机制示意图^[47]

P_out—Transmitted electromagnetic waves

Figure 8. Microwave R_L curves in the frequency range of 0.5-18 GHz at different compression strains for rGO aerogel (6.91 mm) (a) and GA (6.87 mm) (b); ((c)-(f)) Schematic illustration of microwave absorption mechanism of GA under different compression strains^[47]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 不同吸波剂性能对比

Table 1. Comparison of performance for different absorber

Sample	Filling ratio/wt%	R_Lmin/dB	EAB/GHz	Thickness/mm	Ref.
M@GAMS	10	−49.1	2.9 (12.9-15.8)	1.2	[25]
PANI/GA	—	−42.3	3.2 (8.7-11.9)	3.0	[26]
DG/Si₃N₄	—	−77.3	7.4 (10.6-18.0)	2.7	[27]
GA@Ni	4.25	−52.3	6.5 (11.3-17.8)	3.0	[32]
Fe₃O₄@C/rGO	—	−59.23	6.72 (−)	3.57	[33]
CoFe₂O₄/N-rGO	20	− 60.4	6.48 (11.44-17.92)	2.1	[34]
GA/Fe₃O₄@SiO₂	5	−51.5	6.5 (6.2-12.7)	4.0	[35]
Ni/MXene/rGO	0.64	−75.2	7.3 (−)	2.2	[38]
Co@C/GA	—	−45.0	4.0 (13.1-17.1)	1.5	[39]
GA	—	−61.09	6.3 (7.5-13.8)	4.81	[47]
C/rGO	0.8	−46.11	5.8 (12.2-18.0)	2.70	[48]
Notes: R_Lmin—Minimum reflection loss; EAB—Effective absorption bandwidth.

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