Research progress of personal thermal management materials based on infrared radiation regulation
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摘要: 维持热舒适是人体进行正常生命活动的基本条件，传统暖通空调系统调节温度能效较低，同时产生大量碳足迹。基于红外辐射调控的个人热管理材料通过人体自身及局部微环境热管理实现个性化温度调节，为缓解日益紧张的能源负担、维持人体热舒适提供了新途径。本文基于红外辐射调控的个人热管理材料最新研究进展，分室内和室外两种环境阐述辐射降温、辐射保温机制，并介绍辐射降温/保温一体的温度调节模式。论述基于红外辐射调控的个人热管理材料相关设计思路、制备方法、微观结构和温控效果，分析个人热管理材料发展趋势。Abstract: Maintaining thermal comfort is of essential significance for human normal life, but traditional heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems are inefficient and produce large carbon footprint. Personal thermal management materials based on infrared radiation regulation provide new ways to mitigate the pressing burden of energy crisis and keep thermal comfort of humankind, which harnesses thermal management of human body and local microenvironment for personalized temperature control. Here, the latest progress on personal thermal management materials with engineered infrared radiation properties are reviewed. The regulation principles of radiative cooling and radiative heating are elucidated from both indoor and outdoor scenarios, and the bidirectional temperature regulation mode of radiative cooling/heating is discussed. The design ideas, fabrication, microstructure and temperature regulation effect of corresponding materials are elaborated, an outlook about development trend is provided as well.
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图 1 (a) 人体主要散热途径及占比；(b) 人体皮肤34℃的红外辐射出射度曲线
Figure 1. (a) Major heat dissipation pathways of human body with corresponding proportions; (b) Human body infrared radiation curve at the skin temperature of 34℃
图 2 (a) 纳米多孔聚乙烯隔膜(nano PE)和其他材料的红外透过率及可见光不透过率对比[7]；(b) 利用甲氧基聚乙二醇胺处理的聚多巴胺(PDA)颗粒(mPPDAPs)/超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)-聚酯复合织物与同厚度对比材料的红外透过率和可见光不透明度[36]
Figure 2. (a) Infrared transmittance and visible opacity of nanoporous polyethylene (nano PE) compared with other materials[7]; (b) Infrared transmittance and visible opacity of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)-aminoethyl/polydopamine particles (mPPDAPs)/ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-polyester composites and contrast materials with same thickness[36]
图 3 AM 1.5 G太阳辐照光谱
AM—Air mass; G—Global; UV—Ultraviolet; VIS—Visible; IR—Infrared
Figure 3. Spectra of AM 1.5 G solar irradiation
图 4 (a) 尼龙6(PA 6)/SiO2纤维膜的传热过程示意图和透过率[51]；(b) 聚合物基纳米光子织物(PBNT)与光的相互作用及PBNT与棉和亚麻的光学性能[52]；(c) 超材料织物的原理图和反射/发射光谱[54]
DM—Dense membrane; NFM—Nano fibrous membrane; PBNT—Polymer-based nanophotonic textile; PTFE—Polytetrafluoroethylene; PLA—Polylactic acid; VIS-NIR—Visible-near infrared; MIR—Mid-Infrared; E—Electric field of the incident light; k—Wave vector of the incident light
Figure 4. (a) Schematic heat transfer process and transmittance spectra of nylon 6 (PA 6)/SiO2 fibrous membrane[51]; (b) Interaction between the polymer-based nanophotonic textile (PBNT) and light, and optical properties of PBNT, cotton and linen[52]; (c) Schematic and measured reflectivity/emissivity of the metafabric[54]
图 5 (a) 聚丙烯腈(PAN)纳米纤维的SEM图像和全光谱反射率[57]；(b) 聚偏二氟乙烯(PVDF)纤维膜的SEM图像及同常规织物的光学特性和热图对比[58]
Figure 5. (a) SEM images and total spectral reflectance of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers[57]; (b) SEM images of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanomesh and its optical properties, thermal images compared with those of the normal textile[58]
图 6 (a) Ag纳米线布的红外反射率[61]；(b) 纳米Ag/聚乙烯(PE)及其他材料的红外反射光谱[8]；(c) 芳纶纤维(WKF)及其复合材料的红外反射率和焦耳热效应测试[63]
Ag NW—Ag nanowire; PDMS—Polydimethylsiloxane; rGO—Reduced graphene oxide
Figure 6. (a) IR reflectance of Ag nanowire cloth[61]; (b) IR reflectance of nano Ag/polyethylene (PE) and other materials[8]; (c) IR reflectance and Joule heating measurement of woven kevlar fiber (WKF) and its composites[63]
图 7 (a)碳纳米管(CNTs)/醋酸纤维素/银仿生薄膜的层状结构图和光谱表征图[66]；(b) MXene/nano PE示意图和切换加热模式的实时温度[67]
Figure 7. (a) Laminated structure and spectra characterization of the biomimetic carbon nanotube (CNTs)/cellulose acetate/Ag membrane[66]; (b) Schematic of MXene/nano PE and real-time temperature for switching its heating mode[67]
图 8 (a) 双模式织物原理图[26]；(b) 双模式织物材料的工作原理和结构图[72]；(c) 具有双模式的多层膜示意图[74]；(d) 红外辐射“门控”效应织物材料工作原理图[76]
εtex—Emissivity of textile; Ttex—Temperature of textile; α—Solar absorptivity; ε—Emissivity; Ts—Temperature of skin; PMMA—Polymethyl methacrylate; ePTFE—Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene; nPE—Nanoporous PE; ZnNPs—Zn nano-particles; CuNPs—Cu nano-particles; qrad—Heat loss rates due to thermal radiation; qsun—Solar illumination intensity
Figure 8. (a) Schematic of the dual-mode textile[26]; (b) Schematic and structure diagram of the Janus textile[72]; (c) Schematic of the multilayer membrane with dual mode[74]; (d) Working principle diagram of the infrared radiation "gated" fabric material[76]
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