Abstract: With the advent of the information age, the leakage of electromagnetic waves has brought serious harm to human health, therefore, the design of high-performance electromagnetic protection materials is imminent. The composite nanofibers prepared by electrostatic spinning technology have the advantages of lightweight, low cost, large specific surface area, easy processing, and stable physicochemical properties, which are the hot spots for the research of high-performance electromagnetic shielding and absorbing materials in recent years. This article firstly introduces the basic principles of electromagnetic shielding and absorbing, and combines the current situation of domestic and foreign research, and systematically classifies the widely used electromagnetic shielding and absorbing materials in the market into four categories: Metals and metal oxides, carbon materials, conductive polymers, and transition metal carbides. Meanwhile, the influence of filler on electromagnetic shielding and absorbing performance and the current problems being faced are overviewed.