Aramid nanofiber reinforce dipping of fibers and its effect on the interfacial adhesive properties of aramid fiber to rubber
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摘要: 为进一步提高芳纶纤维/橡胶复合材料的界面黏合性能，在传统“二浴”法浸渍间苯二酚-甲醛-胶乳(RFL)的基础上，分别在预处理液、RFL浸胶液中加入芳纶纳米纤维(ANF)，研究ANF的添加工艺和用量对芳纶纤维/橡胶复合材料界面黏合性能的影响。结果表明，在预处理液中仅添加0.05wt%ANF， H抽出力为209.0 N，剥离力为19.8 N/根，动态黏合疲劳寿命9829次，比未增强体系分别提高18.1%、14.4%和41.0%；在RFL浸胶液中添加0.15wt%ANF，H抽出力为206.5 N，剥离力为20.1 N/根，动态黏合疲劳寿命8095次，比未增强体系分别提高15.9%、16.1%和16.1%。在预处理体系中添加ANF可更有效地提高动态黏合性能，原因在于ANF与芳纶纤维、预处理液中的异氰酸酯之间产生良好的化学作用，有利于界面处模量过渡，提高应力传递效率。Abstract: In order to further improve the interfacial adhesive properties of aramid fiber/rubber composites, based on the traditional "two-step" method was used to dip resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex (RFL), and aramid nanofibers (ANF) was added to the predipping solution and RFL dipping solution, respectively. The effects of addition process and content of ANF on the interfacial adhesion properties of aramid fiber/rubber composites were studied. The results show that when only 0.05wt% ANF is added to the predipping solution, the H pull-out force is 209.0 N, the peel force of single fiber is 19.8 N, and the dynamic fatigue life is 9829 times, which are 18.1%, 14.4% and 41.0% higher than those of the unreinforced system. Added 0.15wt% ANF to the RFL dipping solution, the H pull-out force is 206.5 N, the peel force of single fiber is 19.8 N, and the dynamic fatigue life is 8095 times, which are 15.9%, 16.1% and 16.1% higher than those of the unreinforced system. Adding ANF to the pretreatment system can effectively improve the dynamic adhesion properties, because the ANF has a good chemical effect with aramid fiber and isocyanate in the predipping solution, which is beneficial to the modulus transition at the interface and improves the stress transfer efficiency.
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图 4 芳纶纤维在不同工艺处理下添加芳纶纳米纤维(ANF)的浸胶处理过程的流程图
Figure 4. Flow chart of the dipping process of aramid fibers treated with aramid nanofibers (ANF) under different processes
RFL—Resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex
图 5 (a) 稳定的ANF水分散液(0.01wt%)；(b) 单根ANF的TEM图像(0.01wt%水分散液)；(c) 几根ANF缠结的TEM图像(0.01wt%水分散液)；(d) ANF团聚的SEM图像(0.3wt%水分散液)
Figure 5. (a) Stable aqueous dispersion of ANF (0.01wt%); (b) TEM image of a single ANF (0.01wt% aqueous dispersion); (c) TEM image of several entangled ANF (0.01wt% aqueous dispersion); (d) SEM image of agglomerated ANF (0.3wt% aqueous dispersion)
图 7 不同添加工艺下ANF对处理后芳纶纤维表面形貌的影响：工艺一不同ANF添加量下一浴处理后的纤维表面形貌：(a) 0wt%；(b) 0.05wt%；(c) 0.10wt%；(d) 0.15wt%；工艺一不同ANF添加量下二浴处理后的纤维表面形貌：(a') 0wt%；(b') 0.05wt%；(c') 0.10wt%；(d') 0.15wt%；工艺二不同ANF添加量下二浴处理后的纤维表面形貌：(a'') 0wt%；(b'') 0.10wt%；(c'') 0.15wt%；(d'') 0.30wt% (工艺一图7(c)和工艺二图7(d'')出现明显涂层不均匀)
Figure 7. Effects of ANF on the surface morphologies of treated aramid fibers via different addition processes: Surface morphologies of fibers after first dipping treatment with different amounts of ANF in process 1: (a) 0wt%; (b) 0.05wt%; (c) 0.10wt%; (d) 0.15wt%; Surface morphologies of fibers after second dipping treatment with different amounts of ANF in process 1: (a') 0wt%; (b') 0.05wt%; (c') 0.10wt%; (d') 0.15wt%; Surface morphologies of fibers after second dipping treatment with different amounts of ANF in process 2: (a'') 0wt%; (b'') 0.10wt%; (c'') 0.15wt%; (d'') 0.30wt% (There is obvious uneven coating in process 1 Fig.7(c) and process 2 Fig.7(d''))
图 8 不同工艺下ANF用量对纤维表面附胶率的影响
Figure 8. Effect of the amount of ANF on the content of coatings on the fiber surface via different processes
图 9 不同添加工艺下ANF用量对芳纶纤维/橡胶复合材料H抽出力和剥离力的影响
Figure 9. Effect of the amount of ANF on the H pull-out force and peel force of aramid fiber/rubber composites via different processes
图 10 不同添加工艺下H抽出后纤维表面的附胶情况：工艺一：(a) 0wt%；(b) 0.05wt%；(c) 0.10wt%；(d) 0.15wt%；工艺二：(a') 0wt%；(b') 0.05wt%；(c') 0.10wt%；(d') 0.15wt%；(e') 0.30wt%
Figure 10. Attached rubber on the fiber surface after H pull-out via different processes: Process 1: (a) 0wt%; (b) 0.05wt%; (c) 0.10wt%; (d) 0.15wt%; Process 2: (a') 0wt%; (b') 0.05wt%; (c') 0.10wt%; (d') 0.15wt%; (e') 0.30wt%
图 11 不同添加工艺下ANF用量对剥离后纤维表面附胶量的影响
Figure 11. Effect of the amount of ANF on the amount of attached rubber on the peeled fiber surface via different processes
图 12 不同添加工艺下剥离后纤维的表面形貌：工艺一：(a) 0wt%；(b) 0.05wt%；(c) 0.10wt%；(d) 0.15wt%；工艺二：(a') 0wt%；(b') 0.05wt%；(c') 0.10wt%；(d') 0.15wt%；(e') 0.30wt%
Figure 12. Surface morphologies of peeled fiber via different processes: Process 1: (a) 0wt%; (b) 0.05wt%; (c) 0.10wt%; (d) 0.15wt%; Process 2: (a') 0wt%; (b') 0.05wt%; (c') 0.10wt%; (d') 0.15wt%; (e') 0.30wt%
图 13 己内酰胺封端的异氰酸酯(MDI)与ANF混合物在不同温度下的原位红外吸收光谱
Figure 13. In situ infrared absorption spectra of caprolactam-terminated isocyanate (MDI) and ANF mixtures at different temperatures
表 1 工艺一、工艺二中分别加入最佳ANF用量对芳纶纤维/橡胶复合材料动态黏合性能的影响
Table 1. Effect of adding the optimum amount of ANF to process 1 and process 2 on the dynamic adhesive properties of aramid fiber/rubber composites
RFL Process 1
0.05wt%ANFProcess 2
0.15wt%ANFFatigue life/time 6968 9829 8095 Improvement compared to RFL − 41.0% 16.1% 
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表 2 ANF用量对间苯二酚-甲醛-胶乳(RFL)胶膜交联密度及杨氏模量的影响
Table 2. Effect of ANF dosage on the crosslink density and Young's modulus of resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex (RFL) films
Amount of ANF 0 0.05wt% 0.10wt% 0.15wt% 0.30wt% Crosslink density/(10−4 mol·mL−1) 1.62 1.76 1.82 1.85 1.90 Young's modulus/GPa 0.1757 – 0.2394 0.2555 0.2836
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