A review of solar cells: Materials, policy-driven mechanisms and application prospects
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摘要: 太阳能是清洁无污染的可再生能源，对其进行高效开发利用是推进国家“双碳”工作的重要举措。利用光伏电池将太阳能转化为电能是利用太阳能的重要方式之一。本论文总结了光伏电池材料的研究进展、行业政策与商业模式及发展应用前景。首先，阐述了各类光伏电池的效率、成本、优缺点及应用场景受材料因素的影响，并结合最新的研究进展分析了各类光伏电池未来的发展方向。其次，结合光伏产业的商业模式及扶持政策，探讨光伏电池材料及产业发展受政策驱动机制的影响。最后，以光伏电池材料的研究进展及光伏产业的发展方向为基础，对该领域了进行总结与展望，分析在“双碳”愿景下光伏产业如何助力国家“双碳”工作。Abstract: Solar energy is a clean and pollution-free renewable energy, and its efficient development and utilization can significantly promote national “dual carbon” work. Using photovoltaic cells to convert solar energy into electricity is one of the ways to use solar energy. In this review, the research progress, industry policies, business models and development and application prospects of photovoltaic cell materials were summarized. First of all, the efficiency, cost, advantages and disadvantages of various photovoltaic cells and the impact of material factors on application scenarios were clarified, and combined with the latest research progress, the future development direction of various photovoltaic cells was analyzed. Secondly, combined with the business model and supporting policies of the photovoltaic industry, the influence of policy driving mechanisms on the development of photovoltaic cell materials and industry was discussed. Finally, based on the research progress of photovoltaic cell materials and the development direction of the photovoltaic industry, this field was summarized and prospected. The way that photovoltaic industry contributes to the national "dual carbon" work under the "dual carbon" vision was analyzed.
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Key words:
- carbon neutral /
- solar cells /
- distributed photovoltaic /
- cell material /
- efficiency /
- photovoltaic industry
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表 1 各类光伏电池对比
Table 1. Comparison of various photovoltaic cells
Cell types Conversion
efficiencyAdvantages Disadvantage Applicable
scenarioCost (Cells) Monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells 24.2%[6] Mature technology High cost Photovoltaic power station, etc. 1.04-1.12 Yuan/W Polycrystalline silicon photovoltaic cells 22.8%[24] Mature technology Low efficiency Photovoltaic power station, etc. 0.73-0.83 Yuan/W Silicon-based thin film photovoltaic cells 11.9%[25] Translucent, flexible substrate Low efficiency BIPV application etc. 4.54 Yuan/W
(Mitsubishi heavy industries)Copper indium gallium Selenium thin film photovoltaic cell
(CIGS)23.4%[26] Lightweight; Low light performance is good Contains the rare element In BIPV application etc. 5 Yuan/W Cadmium telluride thin film photovoltaic cell
(CdTe)22.1%[27] Stable performance Component rarity BIPV application etc. 4.6 Yuan/W
(First solar)Gallium arsenide thin film photovoltaic cell
(GaAs)35.5%[12] High efficiency; High temperature and radiation resistance High cost Aerospace
engineering38 Yuan/W Dye-sensitized thin film photovoltaic cells
(DSSC)11.7%[13] Long cell life; Simple structure Liquid electrolyte is volatile; Poor stability In the lab — Perovskite photovoltaic cells
(PSCs)26.7%[28] Low cost; Abundant raw materials Short life BIPV application etc. 1 Yuan/W
(Golden concord nano)
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表 2 国内外新型太阳能电池研究进展
Table 2. Research progress of new solar cells at home and abroad
Types Time and authors Description Efficiency Perovskite
photovoltaic cells2019
HU Jingsong[30]The invention relates to a perovskite solar cell coated with a perovskite precursor by an air knife 19% 2018
ZHAO Qin[31]Perovskite polycrystalline films with larger grains and lower defect density were obtained by using cesium chloride enhanced lead iodide precursor solution two-step method 22.1% 2018
PAN Xu[14]Introduction of mixed cation perovskite cells 19.94% 2018
WANG Zhaokui[32]Ternary Pb-Sn-Cu perovskite solar cell 21.08% 2021
JACKI Jeong[21]An anionic engineering technique was developed to improve the crystallinity of thin films 26.7% Dye-sensitized solar cells 2018
ZHU Weihong[33]Structurally stable and efficient dye-sensitized cells with additional auxiliary receptors 11.7% 2019
YUMA Kurumisawa[34]The team achieved high conversion efficiency with the help of a new dye molecule (DfZnP-iPr) 10.7% Organic solar cell 2018
LI Yongfang[35]PTQ10, a low-cost and efficient polymer donor material, is a simple D-A copolymer 12.7% 2021
ZHANG Tao[36]PB2F was added to the PBDB-TF: BTP-EC9 blend as the third component 18.6% Quantum dot solar cells 2018
MA Wangli[37]A solvent-processable quantum dot solar cell was prepared by using polymer hole transport materials 13%
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表 3 分布式光伏的商业模式
Table 3. Distributed photovoltaic business model
Mode name Owner of photovoltaic
power stationSource of investment
fundsSource of income Personal investment mode Unit or individual Domestic investment Save the electricity charge, the extra electricity to surf the Internet, get the government subsidy Contract energy
management modelEnergy companies Bank loan, lease financing Charge users' electricity, access the Internet with excess electricity, and obtain government subsidies Network crowd-funding mode Energy companies Raise many investors Charge users' electricity, access the Internet with excess electricity, and obtain government subsidies Personal rooftop PV power station rental model Energy companies financing The end user signs a contract with the energy company, pays a rental fee and shares the revenue
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表 4 光伏产业相关政策
Table 4. Photovoltaic industry-related policies
Policy type Number of policies Representative policies Content of representative policies Development and planning policies 28 Guidelines on Energy Work in 2021 Wind power and photovoltaic power generation should account for about 11% of the total electricity consumption in China. Given policies 9 Notice on the Weight of Responsibility for Consumption of Renewable Energy Electricity in 2021 and Related Matters Starting from 2021, weights for provincial consumption will be released at the beginning of each year, while weights for the current year and the following year will be issued. Weights for the current year are mandatory indicators for provincial assessment, and weights for the next year are prospective indicators for provincial project reserve. Subsidy policies 14 Notice on Accelerating the Review of the List of Subsidized Renewable Energy Power Generation Projects Make it clear that all projects that have completed the approval (filing) procedures and completed full capacity grid connection in 2006 and later years can be declared into the subsidy list.
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