Microstructure and mechanical properties of nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites
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摘要: 陶瓷增强铝基复合材料是轻量化结构件的较理想材料，但随着陶瓷增强相含量的增加，复合材料的韧性会降低，导致复合材料服役过程中安全性的下降。因此如何实现复合材料高强韧性的匹配是制备陶瓷增强铝基复合材料一直存在的难题。根据仿生学思想，采用冷冻铸造及压力浸渗技术制备了不同陶瓷初始固相含量(20vol%、30vol%、40vol%)的TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料。采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)和力学性能测试研究了不同陶瓷初始固相含量对于TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料微观组织和力学性能的影响。实验结果表明，随着陶瓷初始固相含量的提升，复合材料中陶瓷片层厚度增加，金属片层厚度减小，复合材料的抗压强度有所提升但抗弯强度和断裂韧性下降。其中，20vol%陶瓷初始固相含量的TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料拥有较优的断裂韧性，达到了(20.59±1.5) MPa·m1/2；40vol%陶瓷初始固相含量制备的TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料拥有较优的抗压强度，达到了(670±20) MPa。这主要是因为随着复合材料中陶瓷初始固相含量的提升，层状复合材料更容易发生界面脱层，层状复合材料通过合金塑性变形等增韧效果减弱；同时，裂纹偏折、界面剥落、裂纹分支等增韧效果也降低。Abstract: Ceramic-reinforced aluminum-based composites are ideal materials for lightweight structural parts. However, as the content of the ceramic reinforcement phase increases, the toughness of the composites will decrease, resulting in a decrease in the safety of the composites during service. Therefore, how to achieve the matching of high strength and toughness of composite materials is a problem that has always existed in the preparation of ceramic reinforced aluminum matrix composites. According to the idea of bionics, the nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with different ceramic initial solid contents (20vol%, 30vol%, 40vol%) were successfully prepared by freezing casting and pressure infiltration. The microstructures and mechanical properties of nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites were studied by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and mechanical testing. The experimental results show that with the increase of the initial solid content of the ceramic, the thickness of the ceramic sheet in the composite material increases, while the thickness of the metal sheet layer decreases. The compressive strength of the composite material is improved, but the bending strength and fracture toughness decrease. The nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with 20vol% ceramic initial solid content has the better fracture toughness, reaching (20.59±1.5) MPa·m1/2. The nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with 40vol% ceramic initial solid content has the better compressive strength, reaching (670±20) MPa. This is mainly because as the initial solid content of the ceramic in the composite material increases, the nacre-inspired composite material are more prone to interface delamination, the toughening effect of the layered composite material through alloy plastic deformation is weakened. At the same time, the toughening effect of crack deflection, interface peeling, and crack branching is reduced.
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图 1 冷冻铸造实验装置示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the freeze casting process
PTFE—Poly tetra fluoroethylene
图 2 不同陶瓷初始固相含量的TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料的XRD图谱
Figure 2. XRD patterns of the TiB2/Al-Cu composites corresponding with different ceramic initial solid contents
图 3 TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料30vol%陶瓷初始固相含量试样的SEM图像(a)和EDS能谱图((b)~(g))
Figure 3. SEM image (a) and EDS mappings ((b)-(g)) of the TiB2/Al-Cu composites corresponding with 30vol% ceramic initial solid content
图 4 不同陶瓷初始固相含量的TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料试样光学显微镜图像：(a) 20vol%；(b) 30vol%；(c) 40vol%
Figure 4. Optical microscope images of nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with different ceramic initial solid contents: (a) 20vol%; (b) 30vol%; (c) 40vol%
图 5 不同陶瓷初始固相含量TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料试样的强度、应力-应变曲线和断裂韧性：(a)压缩应力-应变曲线；(b)三点弯曲应力-应变曲线；(c)单边缺口梁(SENB)试样力-位移曲线； (d)强度与断裂韧性
Figure 5. Stress-strain curves and strength and crack-initiation toughness of the nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with different ceramic initial solid contents: (a) Compressive stress-strain curves; (b) Three-point bending stress-strain curves; (c) Load-displacement curves of the SENB samples; (d) Strength and crack-initiation toughness
图 6 不同陶瓷初始固相含量的TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料弯曲试样断口形貌：((a)、(b)) 20vol%；((c)、(d)) 30vol%；((e)、(f)) 40vol%
Figure 6. Fracture surfaces of the samples after bending tests of the nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with different ceramic initial solid contents: ((a), (b)) 20vol%; ((c), (d)) 30vol%; ((e), (f)) 40vol%
图 7 不同陶瓷初始固相含量TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料SENB试样裂纹扩展路径：((a)、(b)) 20vol%；((c)、(d)) 30vol%；((e)、(f)) 40vol%
Figure 7. Crack propagation path of SENB sample of nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composite with different ceramic initial solid contents: ((a), (b)) 20vol%; ((c), (d)) 30vol%; ((e), (f)) 40vol%
表 1 Al-Cu合金化学成分
Table 1. Al-Cu alloy chemical composition
at% Element Cu Mn Mg Ti Al Content 5.04 0.56 0.1 0.08 Others 
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表 2 不同陶瓷初始固相含量TiB2/Al-Cu层状复合材料及其他仿贝壳珍珠层状陶瓷增强铝基复合材料 (AMCs)的力学性能
Table 2. The mechanical properties of nacre-inspired TiB2/Al-Cu composites with different ceramic initial solid contents and the other reported nacre-inspired lamellar structure AMCs
Alloy Direction Compressive strength/MPa Bending strength/MPa Breaking tenacity KIC /(MPa·m1/2) Ref. 0vol% TiB2/Al-Cu − 410±10 − − In this study 20vol% TiB2/Al-Cu Longitudinal 560±5 574±4 20.59±1.5 In this study 30vol% TiB2/Al-Cu Longitudinal 615±8 578±2 20.32±1.15 In this study 40vol% TiB2/Al-Cu Longitudinal 670±20 551±15 14.13±1.3 In this study 18vol% TiC/Al Longitudinal − 355 13.6 [20] 35vol% Al2O3/Al Longitudinal − 345 17 [27] 30vol% Al2O3/6061 Longitudinal 538-854 278-350 7.6-9.2 [28] 30vol% TiB2/Al-Si Longitudinal 710 629 16.4 [25] 20vol% SiC/ZL205A Longitudinal − 760±10 14.7±0.3 [29] 30vol% SiC/ZL205A Longitudinal − 626±12 12.9±0.6 [29] 40vol% SiC/ZL205A Longitudinal − 445±15 7.3±0.4 [29]
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