ZIF-67 supported Pd nanoparticles and Pd–Cu nanoparticles for selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene
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摘要: 1,3-丁二烯选择性加氢是石油化工中有效脱除1,3-丁二烯的方法。选用金属有机骨架ZIF-67作为载体，通过浸渍和H2还原法控制合成了Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67复合纳米催化剂。采用XRD、氮气低温物理吸附、TEM、EDS、XPS等方法对Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67进行了系统的物理化学性质表征，并在石英微型固定床上探索了其在1,3-丁二烯加氢反应中的催化活性、选择性和稳定性。结果表明，Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)中Pd和Cu分别以Pd2+和Cu2+存在，Pd纳米粒子和Pd–Cu纳米粒子高度分散在ZIF-67上。由于金属Pd–Cu和载体ZIF-67之间的相互作用以及Pd和Cu双金属间的几何效应，PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)的催化活性低于Pd/ZIF-67。Pd/ZIF-67在50℃催化1, 3-丁二烯加氢时，1,3-丁二烯的转化率和总丁烯的选择性分别为99.9%和79.6%。PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)在130℃催化反应7 h后1,3-丁二烯的转化率和总丁烯的选择性分别为93.2%和64.3%。提高Cu的含量，PdCu/ZIF-67对于1,3-丁二烯的转化率降低，而对总丁烯的选择性提高。PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)比Pd/ZIF-67具有更高的稳定性，可以连续运行50 h，催化活性和丁烯选择性几乎保持不变。研究结果为新型高效加氢催化剂的设计制备提供了启示和参考。Abstract: Selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene is an effective strategy to remove 1,3-butadiene in the petrochemical industry. ZIF-67 supported monometallic Pd (Pd/ZIF-67) and bimetallic Pd–Cu catalysts (PdCu/ZIF-67) with different Pd:Cu molar ratios (1∶3–3∶1) were synthesized by impregnation and hydrogen reduction. The prepared Pd/ZIF-67 and PdCu/ZIF-67 catalysts were characterized using XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption analysis, TEM, EDS, XPS and ICP-AES. The catalytic performance of supported Pd/ZIF-67 and PdCu/ZIF-67 catalysts were studied in the selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene on the fixed-bed flow quartz reactor under atmospheric pressure. The XPS studies at Pd3d levels and Cu2p levels reveal that Pd and Cu particles on the surface of the ZIF-67 support are in a +2 valence state. TEM and EDS display that Pd nanoparticles and Pd–Cu nanoparticles are uniformly dispersed on ZIF-67. The experiment results show that the catalytic activity of PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1) is lower than that of Pd/ZIF-67 due to strong interaction between Pd–Cu and ZIF-67 support and the geometric effects, i.e., dilution of blocking of a fraction of the palladium surface by copper. The 1,3-butadiene conversion and butene selectivity reach 99.9% and 79.6% for Pd/ZIF-67 at 50℃, respectively. For the PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1) catalyst, the 1,3-butadiene conversion and butene selectivity are 93.2% and 64.3% at 130℃ within 7 h, respectively. The hydrogenation activity of PdCu/ZIF-67 catalyst decrease with increasing of Cu content, while the butene selectivity increase. PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1) show higher stability than Pd/ZIF-67, the conversion of 1,3-butadiene and butene selectivity almost remain the same after continuous run for 50 h at 130℃. The results provide a reference for the design of new high efficiency 1,3-butadiene hydrogenation catalyst.
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Key words:
- catalyst /
- catalysis /
- hydrogenation /
- nanoparticles /
- bimetallic /
- metal-organic frameworks /
- 1,3-butadiene
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图 1 模拟ZIF-67、ZIF-67、Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)的XRD图谱
Figure 1. XRD patterns of simulated ZIF-67, ZIF-67, Pd/ZIF-67, and PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)
图 2 ZIF-67、Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)的氮气吸附-脱附曲线
Figure 2. N2 adsorption and desorption isotherms of ZIF-67, Pd/ZIF-67 and PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)
图 3 Pd/ZIF-67的TEM、HAADF-STEM和EDS元素图像
Figure 3. TEM, HAADF-STEM and EDS images of Pd/ZIF-67
图 4 PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)的TEM、HAADF-STEM和EDS元素图像
Figure 4. TEM, HAADF-STEM and EDS images of PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)
图 5 Pd/ZIF-67 (a)和PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1) ((b)、(c))的XPS能谱图
Figure 5. XPS spectras of Pd/ZIF-67 (a) and PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1) ((b), (c))
图 6 反应时间和温度对 Pd/ZIF-67的1,3-丁二烯转化率(a)和产物选择性((b)~(d))的影响
Figure 6. The reaction time and temperature effect on 1,3-butadiene conversion (a) and product selectivity ((b)-(d)) of Pd/ZIF-67
图 7 反应时间和温度对PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)的1,3-丁二烯转化率(a)和产物选择性((b)~(e))的影响
Figure 7. The reaction time and temperature effect on 1,3-butadiene conversion (a) and product selectivity ((b)-(e)) of PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)
图 8 PdCu/ZIF-67的Pd:Cu物质的量比对1,3-丁二烯转化率(a)和总丁烯选择性(b)的影响
Figure 8. Pd:Cu molar ratio of PdCu/ZIF-67 effect on 1,3-butadiene conversion (a) and total butene selectivity (b) for the hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene
图 9 Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67(1:1)的稳定性：(a) 1,3-丁二烯转化率；(b)总丁烯选择性
Figure 9. The stability of Pd/ZIF-67 and PdCu/ZIF-67(1:1)：(a) 1,3-Dutadiene conversion; (b) Total butene selectivity
表 1 Pd和Cu的实际负载量
Table 1. The mass fraction of Pd and Cu
Entry Catalyst wPd/wt% wCu/wt% Pd∶Cu
molar ratio1 PdCu/ZIF-67(3∶1) 3.71 0.72 3∶1 2 PdCu/ZIF-67(2∶1) 3.56 1.16 2∶1 3 PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1) 3.32 2.05 1∶1 4 PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶2) 3.32 3.72 1∶2 5 PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶3) 2.98 5.26 1∶3 6 Pd/ZIF-67 3.30 — — 
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表 2 ZIF-67、Pd/ZIF-67和PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)的物理织构性质
Table 2. The textural properties of ZIF-67, Pd/ZIF-67 and PdCu/ZIF-67(1∶1)
Sample BET/
(m2·g−1)Mean pore
diameter/nmVolume/
(cm3·g−1)ZIF-67 5915.6 1.7 2.6 Pd/ZIF-67 2036.2 1.5 0.7 PdCu/ZIF-67(1:1) 813.8 1.5 0.3
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表 3 不同的Pd基催化剂催化1,3-丁二烯加氢时的转化率和总丁烯的选择性
Table 3. The 1,3-butadiene conversion and total butene selectivity for selective hydrogenation of 1,3-butadiene over different Pd-based catalysts
Entry Catalyst Temperature/°C Conversion/% Total butene selectivity/% Ref. 1 PdCu/ZIF-67(1:1) 130 93.2 64.3 This work 2 PdCuG–DBT-423 150 39 4 [53] 3 Au(2)Pd(1)/MIL-101(Cr) 60 98.8 95.7 [1] 4 Ni1Pd1/ZnO 35 98.8 88.9 [14] 5 Ni1Pd1/SiO2 35 44.0 41.3 [14] 6 PdAu–ZnO-n 40 92 23 [54] 7 PdAu–ZnO-t 40 99 32 [54] 8 Pd/ZIF-67 50 100 79.6 This work 9 PdG–DBT-423 150 25 1 [53] 10 fresh-Pd/g-Al2O3 35 100 51.2 [55] 11 H2–Pd/g-Al2O3 35 100 8.7 [55] Notes: ZIF—Zeolite imidazolate framework; MIL—Materials of institut lavoisier; DBT—Dibenzothiophene.
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