Tensile properties and failure mechanism of three-dimensional angle interlocking woven layup composites under tensile loading
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摘要: 采用树脂传递模塑 (Resin transfer molding，RTM)工艺方法制备了三维角联锁机织铺层复合材料，着重探讨了单层厚度对复合材料拉伸性能以及失效机制的影响。结果表明，复合材料的拉伸强度随着单层厚度的增大而显著增加，纤维体积含量相同时单层厚度对拉伸模量影响较小；在拉伸断裂过程中，各层断裂不同步，单层厚度的增加会加深各单层之间破坏应变的差异；失效试样分层现象显著，单层内未出现明显裂纹，经纱脆性断裂显著，层间伴随着大量基体碎屑，失效模式主要涵盖了纤维断裂和抽拔、界面脱黏、基体开裂以及分层。Abstract: The resin transfer molding (RTM) process was used to prepare the three-dimensional angle interlocking woven layup composites. The influence of the layer thickness on the tensile properties and failure mechanism was emphatically discussed. The results show that the tensile strength increases significantly with the enhancement of the layer thickness. In the case of similar fiber volume content, the layer thickness has little effect on the tensile modulus. In the process of tensile fracture, the break of each layer is not synchronized, and the augment of layer thickness deepens the diversity in failure strain between the individual layers. The failure samples have significant delamination, no obvious cracks appeared in the layer. The warp yarns show obvious brittle fracture and a large amount of resin chips appears in the interlamination. The failure modes mainly include fiber fracture and extraction, interface debonding, matrix cracking and delamination.
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Key words:
- 3D woven /
- 2.5D /
- layer thickness /
- tensile property /
- failure mechanism
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图 1 2.5D机织结构示意图
Figure 1. Sketch diagram of three-dimensional angle interlock woven structure
图 4 2.5DWLC的截面形貌
Figure 4. Section morphologies of 2.5DWLC
Three types of 2.5DWLC represented by 2.5DWLiC ( i=0.8, 1.33, 2), and “i” represents the layer thickness
图 6 2.5DWLC典型的拉伸应力-应变曲线
Figure 6. Typical strain-stress curves of 2.5DWLC under tension
图 7 2.5DWLC在极限抗拉强度的20%、40%、60%、80%时的裂纹长度
Figure 7. Crack length of 2.5DWLC at 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% of the ultimate tensile strength
图 8 2.5DWLC典型的拉伸应力-位移曲线
Figure 8. Typical stress–displacement curves of 2.5DWLC under tension
图 9 2.5DWLC拉伸试样在X-Y方向上的断裂形貌
Figure 9. Fracture morphologies of 2.5DWLC tensile specimens in X-Y direction
图 10 2.5DWLC拉伸试样在Y-Z方向上的断裂形貌
Figure 10. Fracture morphologies of 2.5DWLC tensile specimens in Y-Z direction
D—Width of 2.5DWLC tensile specimens; L—The crack propagation length
图 11 试样失效后的裂纹示意图：(a) 2.5DWLC；(b) 2.5DWC
Figure 11. Diagram of specimen crack after failure: (a) 2.5DWLC; (b) 2.5DWC
图 12 结构2.5DWL2C和2.5DWC拉伸失效试样纤维断口的SEM图像
Figure 12. SEM images of tensile failure fiber fracture of 2.5DWL2C and 2.5DWC specimens
表 1 碳纤维参数
Table 1. Parameters of carbon fiber
Product type Density/(g·cm−3) Breakage elongation/% Tensile strength/$ {\rm{MPa}} $ Tensile modulus/$ {\rm{GPa}} $ TG800H-12K 1.79 2.28 5810 289 
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表 2 三维角联锁机织铺层复合材料(2.5DWLC)的结构参数
Table 2. Structural parameters of three-dimensional angle interlocking woven layup composites (2.5DWLC)
Structures Ply stacking sequence Layer thickness/mm Composite thickness/mm Fiber volume fraction/$ {\rm{vol\% }} $ 2.5DWL0.8C [(0)5/(0,90)] 0.80 4.02 47.9 2.5DWL1.33C [(0)3/(0,90)] 1.33 4.01 51.4 2.5DWL2C [(0)2/(0,90)] 2.00 4.00 51.2 2.5DWC — 4.00 4.01 50.8 Notes: Three types of 2.5DWLC are represented by 2.5DWLiC ($ i $=0.8, 1.33, 2), and “$ i $” represents the layer thickness.
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表 3 2.5DWLC中经纱的局部偏离角度
Table 3. Local angle of deviation of warp yarn in 2.5DWLC from a specified horizontal
Structure 2.5DWL0.8C 2.5DWL1.33C 2.5DWL2C 2.5DWC Local angle θ/(°) (CV) 12.34° (3.2%) 12.79° (2.6%) 12.64° (2.9%) 12.11° (2.1%) Notes: CV—Coefficient of variation.
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表 4 2.5DWLC的拉伸强度和拉伸模量
Table 4. Tensile strength and tensile modulus of 2.5DWLC
Structure Tensile strength/
$ {\rm{MPa}} $ (CV)Tensile modulus/
$ {\rm{GPa}} $ (CV)2.5DWL0.8C 461.74 (7.22%) 63.17 (3.89%) 2.5DWL1.33C 688.75 (7.13%) 80.47 (1.94%) 2.5DWL2C 775.01 (7.32%) 81.97 (2.21%) 2.5DWC 803.13 (6.54%) 87.56 (1.62%)
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表 5 2.5DWLC拉伸试样断口处的宽度(D)和裂纹扩展长度(L)
Table 5. Width(D) of 2.5DWLC tensile specimens and the crack propagation length(L)
Structure 2.5DWL0.8C 2.5DWL1.33C 2.5DWL2C 2.5DWC D/mm (CV) 9.44 (8.6%) 6.07 (7.1%) 8.98 (11.9%) 5.86 (5.9%) L/mm (CV) 44.45 (15.2%) 40.65 (14.7%) 73.08 (16.3%) 19.17 (19.1%)
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